TOEFL dengan Internet atau Internet –based TOEFL (IBT)

TOEFL dengan Internet atau Internet-based TOEFL (IBT), yang juga di sebut Next Generation TOEFL atau NGT mempunyai urutan kelompok soal yang berbeda dari TOEFL versi-versi sebelumnya, yakni :

(1)    Reading Section

(2)    Listening Section

(3)    Speaking Section

(4)    Writing Section

Kelompok Reading terdiri dari 4 hingga 5teks bacaan yang masing-masing cukup panjang yaitu antara 600 sampai 700 kata. Seperti contoh-contoh soal TOEFL yang lainnya, kelompok soal TOEDFL IBT ini juga hanya menyajikan sebagian dari kelompok-kelompok soal yang tidak selengkap sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam tes TOEFL sebenarnya.

1. Reading Section

Directions

The reading section tests your ability to understand reading passage like those in college texbooks. The passage areabout 700 word in length. After  each passage, you will answer 12-14 question about it. Most questions areworth more than I point.

You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passage and answer the questions. You may take notes while you read, but notes are not graded. You may use your notes toanswer the questions. Some passage may include a word or phrase to see a glossary definition or explanation.

Choose the best answer for multiple-choice questions. Follow the directions on the page or no the screen for computer-assisted questions. Click on back to return to the previous questions, You may return to previous question for all of the passages in the same reading part, but after you go to next part, You will not be able to return to passage in a previous part. Be sure that you have answered all of the questions for the passages in each part before you click on next at the end of the passage to move to the next part. You have answered and the questions you have not answered in each part. From this screen, you can return to the question you want to answer in the part that is open. A clock on the screen will show you how much time to have to complete the Reading Section.

Civilization

Between 4000 and 3000 B.C. , significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., crafts people had discovered that metal-bearing rock could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instrumenst. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 B.C. crafts people in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians tospeak of a Bronze Age from around 3000 to 1200 B.C., when bronze was increasingly replacedby iron.

At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, they gradually began to give birth to more complexhuman societies. As wealth increased, such societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concertration of larger numbers of people in the river valleysof Mesopotamia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.

As we haveseen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence-called civilization—came into being. Acivilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic charecteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban revolution; cities became the focal points for political, ekonomic, social, cultural, and religious developmetn; (2) a distinct religious sturcture; thegods were deemed crucial to the community success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods;(3) new political and military structures ; an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power; (4) a new social structure based an economic power; while kings and an upper class of priest, poitical leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups  of free people  (farmers, artisans, crafts people) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of wrting; kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new form of significant artistic and intellectual activity, such as monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occuped a prominentplace in urban environments.

Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. (A) Since civilizations developed independenly in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be indentified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged ? (B) A number of possible explanantions of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challebge and response maintains that challebges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. (C) Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities withbureauratic organization. (D) But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which Mesopotamian civilization emerged, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could only be water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that non material force, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering theactual causes ofearly civilization.

1.  Which of the following is thebest definition of a civilization ?

(A)   Neolithic towns and cities

(B)   Types of complex culture

(C)   An agricultural community

(D)   Large population centers

2.  The word its in the passage refers to.,…

(A)   Copper

(B)   Bronze

(C)   Metal

(D)   Iron

3.  According to paragraph 2, what happens as societis become more prosperous ?

(A)   More goods are produced

(B)   Walled cities are built

(C)   Laws are instituted

(D)   The size of families increased

4.  The  word hardly in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to …

(A)   Frequently

(B)   Likely

(C)   Barely

(D)   Obviously

5.  Why does the author mention Neolithic towns in paragraph 2 ?

(A)   To give an example of a civilization.

(B)   To explain the invention of writing system.

(C)   To argue that they should be classified as villages

(D)   To contrastthem with the civilization

6.  According to paragraph 3, how was the class system structured ?

(A)   A upper class and a lower class.

(B)   Slaves, free people, and a ruling class

(C)   A king, an army, and slaves

(D)   Intellectuals and uneducated farmers and workers

7.  Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted staement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.

(A)   Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations exhibit the majority of the characteristics identified by historians

(B)   The characteristics that historians have identified are not found in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultures.

(C)   Civilizations in Mesopamia and Egypt were identified by historians who were studying the characteristics of early cultures

(D)   The identification of most historical civilizationsincludes either Egypt or Mesopotamia on the list.

8.  The word crucial in paragraph 3 is closest in emaning to…..

(A)   Fundamental

(B)   Arbitrary

(C)   Disruptive

(D)   Suitable

9.  Thewordprominent in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to…

(A)   Weak

(B)   Important

(C)   Small

(D)   New

10. According to paragraph 4 , how can the independent development of civilization in different geographic region  be explained ?

(A)   Scholars agree that food surplusesc  encouraged populations to be concentrated in certain areas

(B)   There are several theories that explain the rise of civilization in the ancient world

(C)   The  model of civilization was probal\bly carried from one region to another along trade routes.

(D)   Historians attribute the emergence of early cities at about the same time as a coincidence.

11. All of the following are cited as reasons why civilizations developed EXCEPT

(A)   Religious practices unified the population

(B)   The management of water required organization

(C)   A major climate change made living in groups necessary

(D)   Extra food resulted in the expansion of population centers

12. Directions : An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREEanswer choice that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentence do not belong in the symmary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or they are minor points from the passage. This questionis worth 2 points

Certain qualities appear to define a civilization

.

.

.

AnswerChoices

(A)   Free citizens who work in professions for pay

(B)   Libraries to house art and written records

(C)   Bureaucracies for the government and armies

(D)   A strategic location near rivers or the sea

(E)    Organized religion, writing, and art

(F)    A densely populated froup with a class structure