A.Jawaban dan pembahasan TOEFL tipe kertasdan pensil
Section 1. Listening comprehension
Part A.
Penjelasan (Diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Indonesia ) dan jawaban.
1. Pria :Apakah yang ada didalam tas itu ?
Wanita : Akumembeli beberapa buah apel, persik, pir dan anggur.
Pertanyaan : Apakah yang sedang dikatakan wanita itu ?
(A) Sayuran
(B) Buah-buahan
(C) Daging
(D) Kue-kue
Jawaban : B
2. Wanita : Kemana saja Joe dan Nancy pergi berbulan madu ?
Pria : Mereka ingin pergike Puerto Rico, teteapi merekatersandung masalah biaya. Sebagai gantinya, mereka pergike St. Aughutine selama satu minggu.
Pertanyaan : Apa yang diakatakan oleh pria tersebut mengenai bulan madu pasangan baru itu ?
(A) Mereka tak punyauang untukberbulan madu
(B) Mereka pergi ke Puerto Rico
(C) Mereka pergi ke St. Augustine
(D) Mereka sedang berencana pergi ke Puerto Rico.
Jawaban : C
3. Wanita : Tahukan kamu bahwa “hotdog” itu bukan berasal dari Amerika Serikat melainkan dari Jerma ?
Pria : Ya. Bahkan, jenis makanan semacam itu juga sudah ada di Finlandia. Bahannya dari daging rusa kutub.
Pertanyaan : Manakah diantara jawaban-jawaban berikutyang TIDAK benar mengenai “hot dog “?
(A) Hot dog pertaman kaliberasal dariJerman
(B) Hot dog berasal dari Amerika
(C) Beberapa hot dog terbuat dari daging rusakutub
(D) Bahkan negara-negara sepertiFinlandia juga mempunya jenis makanan yang mirip dengan hot dog
Jawaban : B
Kamis, 08 Desember 2011
4.Writing Section
Directions
During the tests, you will write two essays. The integrated essay asks for your response to an academic reading passage and a lecture on the same topic. You may take notes as you read and listen, but notes are not graded. You use your notes to write the essay. The lecture will be spoken, but the directions and the questions will be written. You will have 20 minutes to plan, write, and essay for the integrated topic will require that you write 150-225 words.
The independent essay usually asks for your opinion about a familiar topic. You will have 30minutes to plan, write, and revise your response. Typically, a good essay for the independent topic will require that your write 300-350 words. A clock on the screen will show you how much time you have to complete each essay.
You have 20minutes to plan, write, and revise your response to a reading passage and a lecture on the sam topic. First, read the passage and take notes. Then, listen to the lecture and take notes. Finally,write your response to the writing question. Typically, a good response will require that you write 150-225 words.
Reading Passage (time : 30minutes)
Historically, school in the United States have borrowed the European system of school organization, a system that sarates students into grades by chronological age. In general, children begin formal schiiling at the age of six in what is referred to as the first grade. For the most part, the students progress though twelve grades; however, some students who do not meet minimum requirments for particular grade may be asked to repeat the year.
During the tests, you will write two essays. The integrated essay asks for your response to an academic reading passage and a lecture on the same topic. You may take notes as you read and listen, but notes are not graded. You use your notes to write the essay. The lecture will be spoken, but the directions and the questions will be written. You will have 20 minutes to plan, write, and essay for the integrated topic will require that you write 150-225 words.
The independent essay usually asks for your opinion about a familiar topic. You will have 30minutes to plan, write, and revise your response. Typically, a good essay for the independent topic will require that your write 300-350 words. A clock on the screen will show you how much time you have to complete each essay.
- Integrated Essay : “School Organization.”
You have 20minutes to plan, write, and revise your response to a reading passage and a lecture on the sam topic. First, read the passage and take notes. Then, listen to the lecture and take notes. Finally,write your response to the writing question. Typically, a good response will require that you write 150-225 words.
Reading Passage (time : 30minutes)
Historically, school in the United States have borrowed the European system of school organization, a system that sarates students into grades by chronological age. In general, children begin formal schiiling at the age of six in what is referred to as the first grade. For the most part, the students progress though twelve grades; however, some students who do not meet minimum requirments for particular grade may be asked to repeat the year.
3.Speaking Section
Directions
The speaking section tests your ability to communicate in English in an academic setting. During the test, you will be presented with 6 speaking questions. The questions ask for a response to a single question, a conversation , a talk, or a lecture. You may take notes as you listen, but notes are not graded. You may use your notes to answer the questions. Some of the questions ask for a response to a reading passage and a talk or lecture. The reading passage and the questions are written, but most of the directions will be spoken.
Your speaking will be evaluated on both the fluency of the language and the accuracy of the content. You will have 15-20 seconds to prepareand 45-60 seconds to respond to each question. Typically, a good response will require all of the response time but the answer will be complete by the end of the response time. The time for the speaking section is about 20 minutes. A clock on toprepare your answer and how much time you have to record it.
1. Independent Speaking Question
Describe an ideal Marriage Partner. What qualities do you think are most important for a husband or wife ? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choices.
2. Integrated Speaking Question : “ Meal Plan”
Change in Meal Plans
Residence hall students are no longer required to purchase seven-day meal plans. Now two meal plan options will be offered. The tradition seven-day plan will still be available, including three meals every day at a cost of $168 per month. In addition, a five-day plan willl be offered, including three meal Monday-Friday at a cost of $120 per month. Students who elect to use the five-day plan may purchase meals on the weekend at three dollars per meal. The food court in the College Union provides several fast-food alternatives. In addition to burgers and pizza, chinese food, Mexican food, and a salad bar are also available.
The speaking section tests your ability to communicate in English in an academic setting. During the test, you will be presented with 6 speaking questions. The questions ask for a response to a single question, a conversation , a talk, or a lecture. You may take notes as you listen, but notes are not graded. You may use your notes to answer the questions. Some of the questions ask for a response to a reading passage and a talk or lecture. The reading passage and the questions are written, but most of the directions will be spoken.
Your speaking will be evaluated on both the fluency of the language and the accuracy of the content. You will have 15-20 seconds to prepareand 45-60 seconds to respond to each question. Typically, a good response will require all of the response time but the answer will be complete by the end of the response time. The time for the speaking section is about 20 minutes. A clock on toprepare your answer and how much time you have to record it.
1. Independent Speaking Question
Describe an ideal Marriage Partner. What qualities do you think are most important for a husband or wife ? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choices.
2. Integrated Speaking Question : “ Meal Plan”
Change in Meal Plans
Residence hall students are no longer required to purchase seven-day meal plans. Now two meal plan options will be offered. The tradition seven-day plan will still be available, including three meals every day at a cost of $168 per month. In addition, a five-day plan willl be offered, including three meal Monday-Friday at a cost of $120 per month. Students who elect to use the five-day plan may purchase meals on the weekend at three dollars per meal. The food court in the College Union provides several fast-food alternatives. In addition to burgers and pizza, chinese food, Mexican food, and a salad bar are also available.
2.Listening Section
Directions
The listening section tests your ability to understand spoken English that is typicalof interactions and academic speech on collegecampuses. During the test, you will respond to conversation andlectures.
Choose the best answer to multiple-choice question. Follow the directions on the page or on the screen for computer-assited question. You cannot return to previous questions. You have 20-30 minutes to answer all of the questions. A clock on the screen will show you how much time you have to complete your answers for the section.
A. Conversation : “Students on campus”
Audio Conversation
Narator : Listen to part of a conversation on campus between two students.
Man : I wish I were as sure about my future as you seem to be but I really don’t know what I
wanto to do after I graduate.
Woman : Well, have you talked with a counselor over at the Office of Career Development ?
Man : No… I’ve talked to my academic advisor, though.
Woman : That’s good, but it’sreally better to see someone who specializes in helping people make career decisions. You see, an academic advisor is there tohelp you workout your academic program. You know, figure out what your major is going to be and which courses to take and all that. But a career counselor has a lot of experience and resources to help you decide what you want to do in the work world.
Man : Did you see a career counselor ?
Woman : I sure did. Lastsemester. I was .. well, I don’t even know what I would be good at, for a career, I mean. So I made an appointment at the office of Career Development, and I talked with a counselor.
Man : Doyou remember who it was ?
Woman : Sure. It was Ruth Jackson.
Man : Oh, but since I’m interested in careersfor math majors, probably I should see someone else.
Woman : Not really. Any of the counselors can help you. Look, I some aptitude tests and something called a career inventory. Anyway, I took several tests, and then the counselor gave me some ideas about different careers. I even went to some group sessions with some other students for a weeks. Mrs Jackson was the group leader, so um, that’s how I met her, and then I just sort of naturally started making my appointments with her when I needed some advice.
Man : It sounds like it took a lot of time. I’m so busy already.
Woman : Well, it did take time. Probably three hours for the tests, and I think I went to maybe four group sessions, and then I saw Ruth a couple of times. I guess about nine or ten hours probably. But it was worth it.
Man : So,is that why you decided to go into library science ?Because of the test and everything ?
Woman : In part. But, mostly it was because of the internship. You see, I also got my internship through the office of career development. And when I was working as an intern in the public library, it all sort of came together for me. I really liked what I was doing and realized that I didn’t want the internship to end.
Man : And you get paid for working there in the library to, don’t you ?
Woman : I get paid, and I get credit toward my degree. But even better, I have a job offer from the library where I’m doing my internship.
Man : Wow! Are you going to take it ?
Woman : I think so. Have to let them know next week. If I do take the job, I’ll have to go graduate school to get a degree in library science, but I can do that part-time while I’m working, and I had thought about graduate school anyway. So, I’m leaning toward taking the job.
Man : That’s great, Anne. I’m glad for you. So,uh, I guess I’d better make an appointment with Ruth Jackson. Maybe she can find me an internship.
Woman : Maybe.
(A) Group session in the Office of Career Development
(B) The advantages of career counseling for the man
(C) The woman’s internship in the Office of Career Development
(D) How to find employment in the field of career counseling
(A) He does not have time to see an advisor
(B) He does not have an internship yet
(C) He does not know which career to choose
(D) He does not have a job offer graduation
(A) To demonstrate the benefitsof going to the Office of Career Development
(B) To encouragethe man to talk with an advisor about an internship
(C) To suggest that he change his major from math to library science
(D) Togive the man her opinion about hiscareer decision
(A) She would rather go to graduate school
(B) She is looking toward to interning
(C) She thinks that it is very positive experince
(D) She will be happy when she completes it
(A) He will make aan appointment withhis academic advisor
(B) He will go to theOffice of Career Development
(C) He will apply for a job at the library
(D) He will ask the woman to help him with his tests
Narrator : Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.
Professor : The concepts of power and authority are related, but they’re not the same. Power is the abilyty to exercise influence… and control over others. And this can be observed on every level of society, from, well.. the relationships within a family to the relationhips among nations. Power is usually structured by customs and …social institutions or laws and tends to be exerted by persuasive arguments or coercion or .. or even brute force. In general, groups with the greatest, uh, resources tend to have the advantage in power struggles. So, is power always legitimate ? Is it viewed by members of society as justified ? Well, no. Power can be realized by individuals or groups.. even when it involves the resistance of others, if.. as long as… as long as they’re in position to impose their will. But what about power that is accepted by members of society as right and just, that is, legimate power ? Now we’re talking about authority. And that’swhat I want to focus on today.
Okay. When individuals or institutions possess authority, they have,um, a recognized and established right… to determine polices, with the accpetance of those over… over whom they execise control. Max Weber, the German classical sociologist,proposed three types of authority in society : traditional, charismatic, and rational or legal authority. In all three types, he , uh, he acknowledged the right of those in positions of power to lead… with the consent of the governed. So, how did weber differentiate among the three tyes ofauthority ? Well, he divided them according to how the right to lead and the duty to follow are, uh, interpreted. In traditional authority,power resides in customs and conventions that provide certain people or groups with legimate power in their societies. Often their origin is found in sacred traditions. The example that most often comes tomind is a monarcy in which kings or queens rule.. by… bybirthright, not because of any particular… quality of leadership or political election, just because they have a claim to authority, based on traditional acceptance of their position, and in some cases, their,uh, unique relationship with and, uh, responsibility in religious practices. The royal families in Europe or the emperors in Asia are.. come to mind as examples of traditional authority. Okay. Thiscontrasts sharplyy with charismatic authority which is..um… derived.. because of personal attributes that inspire admiration, loyalty… and even devotion. Leaders who exercise this type of authorty may be the foundersof religious movements orpolitical parties, but it’s not their traditional right to lead. What’s important here is that their folowers are mobilized more by… uh, by the force of the leader’s personality than by the tradition orthe law. So when we think of charismatic leaders in the United States, perhaps John Kennedy would be an example because he was able to project a youthful and energetic image that people were proud to identify with, or, if you prefer Republicans, you may argue that Ronald Reagan was able to exercise authority by virtue of his charismatic appeal. In any case, going back to Weber, to quality for charismatic authority, a leader must be able to enlist others in the service of a … a cause that transforms the social structure in some way.
Which leaves us with legal rational authority, or power that is legitimized by rules, uh, laws, and procedures. In such a system, leaders gain authority not by traditional birthrights or by charismatic appeal but… but rather because they’re elected or appointed in accordance with the law, and power is delegated to layers officials who owe their allegiance to the , uh, principles that are agreed upon rationally, and because they accept the ideal that the law is supreme. In a legal rational society, people accept thelegitimacy of authority as a government of laws, not of leaders. So, an example ofthis type of authoruty might be a president, like Richard Nixon, who was threatened with , uh, impeachment because he wasperceived as not foverning within the law.
Some sociologists have postulated that the three types of authority represent stages of evolution in society. That pre-industrial societies tend to respect traditional authority, but, uh, as societies move into an industrial age, the importance of tradition… wanes…in favor of charismatic authority, with a natural rise of charismatic leaders. Then, as… as the modern era evolves, the rational legal authority, embodied by rules and regulations repalces the loyalty to leaders in favor of … a respect law. Of course,other sociologists argue that in practice, authority may be represented by a combination of several of these ideal types at any one time.
(A) To discuss three types of authority
(B) To distinguish between power an authority
(C) Toexamine alternatives to wever’s model
(D) To argue in favor of a legal rational system
(A) They were founders of political movements
(B) They were examples of charismatic leaders
(C) They were attorneys who led by the law
(D) They had contrasting types of authority
Click on 2 answer choices.
(A) Sacred customs
(B) An attractive leader
(C) A social cause
(D) Legal elections
Replay : “ But what about power that is accepted by members ofsociety as right and just, that is, legitimate power ? Now we’re talking about authority. And that’s what I want to focus on today.”
Audio : Why does the professor saythis ?
Replay : “ But what about power that is accepted by members of society as right and just, that is, legiminate power ?”
(A) She is asking the students to answer a question
(B) She is introducing the topic of the lecture
(C) She is expressing an opinion about the subject
(D) She is reminding students of a previous point
(A) The most modern form of authority
(B) A common type of authority in the industrial age
(C) Authority used by traditional leaders
(D) A relacement for the three ideal types of authority
(A) There is only one legitimate type of authority in modern societies
(B) Sociologists do not agree about the development of the types of authority
(C) Societies tend to select and retainone type of authority indefinitely
(D) Weber’s model explains why the social structure rejects power over time.
The listening section tests your ability to understand spoken English that is typicalof interactions and academic speech on collegecampuses. During the test, you will respond to conversation andlectures.
Choose the best answer to multiple-choice question. Follow the directions on the page or on the screen for computer-assited question. You cannot return to previous questions. You have 20-30 minutes to answer all of the questions. A clock on the screen will show you how much time you have to complete your answers for the section.
A. Conversation : “Students on campus”
Audio Conversation
Narator : Listen to part of a conversation on campus between two students.
Man : I wish I were as sure about my future as you seem to be but I really don’t know what I
wanto to do after I graduate.
Woman : Well, have you talked with a counselor over at the Office of Career Development ?
Man : No… I’ve talked to my academic advisor, though.
Woman : That’s good, but it’sreally better to see someone who specializes in helping people make career decisions. You see, an academic advisor is there tohelp you workout your academic program. You know, figure out what your major is going to be and which courses to take and all that. But a career counselor has a lot of experience and resources to help you decide what you want to do in the work world.
Man : Did you see a career counselor ?
Woman : I sure did. Lastsemester. I was .. well, I don’t even know what I would be good at, for a career, I mean. So I made an appointment at the office of Career Development, and I talked with a counselor.
Man : Doyou remember who it was ?
Woman : Sure. It was Ruth Jackson.
Man : Oh, but since I’m interested in careersfor math majors, probably I should see someone else.
Woman : Not really. Any of the counselors can help you. Look, I some aptitude tests and something called a career inventory. Anyway, I took several tests, and then the counselor gave me some ideas about different careers. I even went to some group sessions with some other students for a weeks. Mrs Jackson was the group leader, so um, that’s how I met her, and then I just sort of naturally started making my appointments with her when I needed some advice.
Man : It sounds like it took a lot of time. I’m so busy already.
Woman : Well, it did take time. Probably three hours for the tests, and I think I went to maybe four group sessions, and then I saw Ruth a couple of times. I guess about nine or ten hours probably. But it was worth it.
Man : So,is that why you decided to go into library science ?Because of the test and everything ?
Woman : In part. But, mostly it was because of the internship. You see, I also got my internship through the office of career development. And when I was working as an intern in the public library, it all sort of came together for me. I really liked what I was doing and realized that I didn’t want the internship to end.
Man : And you get paid for working there in the library to, don’t you ?
Woman : I get paid, and I get credit toward my degree. But even better, I have a job offer from the library where I’m doing my internship.
Man : Wow! Are you going to take it ?
Woman : I think so. Have to let them know next week. If I do take the job, I’ll have to go graduate school to get a degree in library science, but I can do that part-time while I’m working, and I had thought about graduate school anyway. So, I’m leaning toward taking the job.
Man : That’s great, Anne. I’m glad for you. So,uh, I guess I’d better make an appointment with Ruth Jackson. Maybe she can find me an internship.
Woman : Maybe.
- What are students mainly discussing ?
(A) Group session in the Office of Career Development
(B) The advantages of career counseling for the man
(C) The woman’s internship in the Office of Career Development
(D) How to find employment in the field of career counseling
- What is the man’s problem ?
(A) He does not have time to see an advisor
(B) He does not have an internship yet
(C) He does not know which career to choose
(D) He does not have a job offer graduation
- Why does the woman tell the man about her experience ?
(A) To demonstrate the benefitsof going to the Office of Career Development
(B) To encouragethe man to talk with an advisor about an internship
(C) To suggest that he change his major from math to library science
(D) Togive the man her opinion about hiscareer decision
- What is the woman’s attitude toward her internship ?
(A) She would rather go to graduate school
(B) She is looking toward to interning
(C) She thinks that it is very positive experince
(D) She will be happy when she completes it
- What will theman probably do ?
(A) He will make aan appointment withhis academic advisor
(B) He will go to theOffice of Career Development
(C) He will apply for a job at the library
(D) He will ask the woman to help him with his tests
- Audio Lecture : “ Anyhropology Class”
Narrator : Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.
Professor : The concepts of power and authority are related, but they’re not the same. Power is the abilyty to exercise influence… and control over others. And this can be observed on every level of society, from, well.. the relationships within a family to the relationhips among nations. Power is usually structured by customs and …social institutions or laws and tends to be exerted by persuasive arguments or coercion or .. or even brute force. In general, groups with the greatest, uh, resources tend to have the advantage in power struggles. So, is power always legitimate ? Is it viewed by members of society as justified ? Well, no. Power can be realized by individuals or groups.. even when it involves the resistance of others, if.. as long as… as long as they’re in position to impose their will. But what about power that is accepted by members of society as right and just, that is, legimate power ? Now we’re talking about authority. And that’swhat I want to focus on today.
Okay. When individuals or institutions possess authority, they have,um, a recognized and established right… to determine polices, with the accpetance of those over… over whom they execise control. Max Weber, the German classical sociologist,proposed three types of authority in society : traditional, charismatic, and rational or legal authority. In all three types, he , uh, he acknowledged the right of those in positions of power to lead… with the consent of the governed. So, how did weber differentiate among the three tyes ofauthority ? Well, he divided them according to how the right to lead and the duty to follow are, uh, interpreted. In traditional authority,power resides in customs and conventions that provide certain people or groups with legimate power in their societies. Often their origin is found in sacred traditions. The example that most often comes tomind is a monarcy in which kings or queens rule.. by… bybirthright, not because of any particular… quality of leadership or political election, just because they have a claim to authority, based on traditional acceptance of their position, and in some cases, their,uh, unique relationship with and, uh, responsibility in religious practices. The royal families in Europe or the emperors in Asia are.. come to mind as examples of traditional authority. Okay. Thiscontrasts sharplyy with charismatic authority which is..um… derived.. because of personal attributes that inspire admiration, loyalty… and even devotion. Leaders who exercise this type of authorty may be the foundersof religious movements orpolitical parties, but it’s not their traditional right to lead. What’s important here is that their folowers are mobilized more by… uh, by the force of the leader’s personality than by the tradition orthe law. So when we think of charismatic leaders in the United States, perhaps John Kennedy would be an example because he was able to project a youthful and energetic image that people were proud to identify with, or, if you prefer Republicans, you may argue that Ronald Reagan was able to exercise authority by virtue of his charismatic appeal. In any case, going back to Weber, to quality for charismatic authority, a leader must be able to enlist others in the service of a … a cause that transforms the social structure in some way.
Which leaves us with legal rational authority, or power that is legitimized by rules, uh, laws, and procedures. In such a system, leaders gain authority not by traditional birthrights or by charismatic appeal but… but rather because they’re elected or appointed in accordance with the law, and power is delegated to layers officials who owe their allegiance to the , uh, principles that are agreed upon rationally, and because they accept the ideal that the law is supreme. In a legal rational society, people accept thelegitimacy of authority as a government of laws, not of leaders. So, an example ofthis type of authoruty might be a president, like Richard Nixon, who was threatened with , uh, impeachment because he wasperceived as not foverning within the law.
Some sociologists have postulated that the three types of authority represent stages of evolution in society. That pre-industrial societies tend to respect traditional authority, but, uh, as societies move into an industrial age, the importance of tradition… wanes…in favor of charismatic authority, with a natural rise of charismatic leaders. Then, as… as the modern era evolves, the rational legal authority, embodied by rules and regulations repalces the loyalty to leaders in favor of … a respect law. Of course,other sociologists argue that in practice, authority may be represented by a combination of several of these ideal types at any one time.
- What is the main purpose of this lecture ?
(A) To discuss three types of authority
(B) To distinguish between power an authority
(C) Toexamine alternatives to wever’s model
(D) To argue in favor of a legal rational system
- Why does the professor mention Kennedy abd Reagan ?
(A) They were founders of political movements
(B) They were examples of charismatic leaders
(C) They were attorneys who led by the law
(D) They had contrasting types of authority
- According to the professor, what two factors are associated with charismatic authority ?
Click on 2 answer choices.
(A) Sacred customs
(B) An attractive leader
(C) A social cause
(D) Legal elections
- Listen againto part of the lecture and the answer the following question.
Replay : “ But what about power that is accepted by members ofsociety as right and just, that is, legitimate power ? Now we’re talking about authority. And that’s what I want to focus on today.”
Audio : Why does the professor saythis ?
Replay : “ But what about power that is accepted by members of society as right and just, that is, legiminate power ?”
(A) She is asking the students to answer a question
(B) She is introducing the topic of the lecture
(C) She is expressing an opinion about the subject
(D) She is reminding students of a previous point
- In an evolutionary model, how is rational legal authority viewed ?
(A) The most modern form of authority
(B) A common type of authority in the industrial age
(C) Authority used by traditional leaders
(D) A relacement for the three ideal types of authority
- What does the professorimply about the three types of authority ?
(A) There is only one legitimate type of authority in modern societies
(B) Sociologists do not agree about the development of the types of authority
(C) Societies tend to select and retainone type of authority indefinitely
(D) Weber’s model explains why the social structure rejects power over time.
TOEFL dengan Internet atau Internet –based TOEFL (IBT)
TOEFL dengan Internet atau Internet-based TOEFL (IBT), yang juga di sebut Next Generation TOEFL atau NGT mempunyai urutan kelompok soal yang berbeda dari TOEFL versi-versi sebelumnya, yakni :
(1) Reading Section
(2) Listening Section
(3) Speaking Section
(4) Writing Section
Kelompok Reading terdiri dari 4 hingga 5teks bacaan yang masing-masing cukup panjang yaitu antara 600 sampai 700 kata. Seperti contoh-contoh soal TOEFL yang lainnya, kelompok soal TOEDFL IBT ini juga hanya menyajikan sebagian dari kelompok-kelompok soal yang tidak selengkap sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam tes TOEFL sebenarnya.
Directions
The reading section tests your ability to understand reading passage like those in college texbooks. The passage areabout 700 word in length. After each passage, you will answer 12-14 question about it. Most questions areworth more than I point.
You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passage and answer the questions. You may take notes while you read, but notes are not graded. You may use your notes toanswer the questions. Some passage may include a word or phrase to see a glossary definition or explanation.
Choose the best answer for multiple-choice questions. Follow the directions on the page or no the screen for computer-assisted questions. Click on back to return to the previous questions, You may return to previous question for all of the passages in the same reading part, but after you go to next part, You will not be able to return to passage in a previous part. Be sure that you have answered all of the questions for the passages in each part before you click on next at the end of the passage to move to the next part. You have answered and the questions you have not answered in each part. From this screen, you can return to the question you want to answer in the part that is open. A clock on the screen will show you how much time to have to complete the Reading Section.
(1) Reading Section
(2) Listening Section
(3) Speaking Section
(4) Writing Section
Kelompok Reading terdiri dari 4 hingga 5teks bacaan yang masing-masing cukup panjang yaitu antara 600 sampai 700 kata. Seperti contoh-contoh soal TOEFL yang lainnya, kelompok soal TOEDFL IBT ini juga hanya menyajikan sebagian dari kelompok-kelompok soal yang tidak selengkap sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam tes TOEFL sebenarnya.
- Reading Section
Directions
The reading section tests your ability to understand reading passage like those in college texbooks. The passage areabout 700 word in length. After each passage, you will answer 12-14 question about it. Most questions areworth more than I point.
You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passage and answer the questions. You may take notes while you read, but notes are not graded. You may use your notes toanswer the questions. Some passage may include a word or phrase to see a glossary definition or explanation.
Choose the best answer for multiple-choice questions. Follow the directions on the page or no the screen for computer-assisted questions. Click on back to return to the previous questions, You may return to previous question for all of the passages in the same reading part, but after you go to next part, You will not be able to return to passage in a previous part. Be sure that you have answered all of the questions for the passages in each part before you click on next at the end of the passage to move to the next part. You have answered and the questions you have not answered in each part. From this screen, you can return to the question you want to answer in the part that is open. A clock on the screen will show you how much time to have to complete the Reading Section.
Section 3. Reading
In the Reading Section, you will first have the opportunty to read the passage. You will use the scroll bar to view the rest of the passage. When you have finished reading the passage, you will use the “mouse” to click on Proceed. Then the questions about the passage will be represented. You are to choose the one best answer to each question. Answer all question about the information in a passage on the basis what is stated or implied in that passage.
Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these quesstions you will click on a choice below the question. To answer some questions, you will click on a word or a sentence in the passage, or you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.
Although its purpose and techniques were often magical, alchemy was, in many ways, the predecessor of the modern science of chemistry. The fundamental premise of alchemy derived from the best philosophical dogma and scientific pratice of the time, and in the majority of educated persons between 1400 and 1600 believed that alchemy had great merit.
The earliest authentic works on European alchemy are those of the English monk Roger Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus Magnus. In their treatises, they maintained that gold ws the perfect metal and that inferior metals such as lead and mercury were removed by various degrees of imperfection from gold. They further asserted that these base metals could be transmuted to gold by blending them with a subtance more perfect than gold. This elusive subtance was referred to as the “philosopher’s stone”. The process was called transmutation.
Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the progress of their work. The term “sun” was used for fold, “moon” for silver, and the five known planets for base metals. This convention of subtituting symbolic language attracted some mystical philosophers who compared the search for the perfect metal with the struggle of humankind for the perfection of the soul. The philosopher began to use the artisan’s terms in the mystical literature that they produced. Thus, by the 14th century, alchemyhad developed two distinct groups of practitioners. Both groups of alchemists continued to work throughout the history of alchemy, but, of course, it was the literary alchemists who was more likely to produce a written record; therefore, muc of what is known about the science of alchemists who labored in laboratories.
1. Which of the following is the main point of the passage ?
(A) There were both laboratory and literary alchemists
(B) Base metal can be transmuted to gold by blending them with a subtance more prefect than gold.
(C) Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus wrote about alchemy
(D) Alchemy was the prodecessor of modern chemistry.
2. The word authentic in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by…
(A) Valuable
(B) Genuine
(C) Complete
(D) Comprehensible
3. Look at the word those in paragraph 2. Click on the word or phrase in the paragraph that refers to those.
4. According to the alchemists, what is the difference between base metals and gold ?
(A) Perfection
(B) Chemical content
(C) Temperature
(D) Weight
5. Look at the word asserted in paragraph 2. Click on the word or phrase in the paragraph that is closest in meaning to asserted.
6. According to the passage, what is the “philosopher’s stone” ?
(A) Lead that was mixed with gold
(B) An element that was never found
(C) Another name for alchemy
(D) A base Metal
7. The word cryptic in paragraph 3 could be replaced by which of the following ?
(A) Sholarly
(B) Secret
(C) Foreign
(D) Precise
8. Why did the early alchemists use terms “sun” and “moon” ?
(A) To keep the work secret
(B) To make the work more literary
(C) To attact philophers
(D) To produce a written record
9. Who were the firs alchemists ?
(A) Chemists
(B) Writers
(C) Artisans
(D) Linguists
10. In Oaragraph 3, the author suggest that we know about the history of alchemy because …
(A) The laboratory alchemists kept secrect notes.
(B) The literary alchemists recorded itin writing
(C) The mystical philosophers were not able to hide the alchemists.
(D) The historians were able to interpret thesecre writings of the alchemists
Most of the questions will be multiple-choice questions. To answer these quesstions you will click on a choice below the question. To answer some questions, you will click on a word or a sentence in the passage, or you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage.
Although its purpose and techniques were often magical, alchemy was, in many ways, the predecessor of the modern science of chemistry. The fundamental premise of alchemy derived from the best philosophical dogma and scientific pratice of the time, and in the majority of educated persons between 1400 and 1600 believed that alchemy had great merit.
The earliest authentic works on European alchemy are those of the English monk Roger Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus Magnus. In their treatises, they maintained that gold ws the perfect metal and that inferior metals such as lead and mercury were removed by various degrees of imperfection from gold. They further asserted that these base metals could be transmuted to gold by blending them with a subtance more perfect than gold. This elusive subtance was referred to as the “philosopher’s stone”. The process was called transmutation.
Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade secrets and often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the progress of their work. The term “sun” was used for fold, “moon” for silver, and the five known planets for base metals. This convention of subtituting symbolic language attracted some mystical philosophers who compared the search for the perfect metal with the struggle of humankind for the perfection of the soul. The philosopher began to use the artisan’s terms in the mystical literature that they produced. Thus, by the 14th century, alchemyhad developed two distinct groups of practitioners. Both groups of alchemists continued to work throughout the history of alchemy, but, of course, it was the literary alchemists who was more likely to produce a written record; therefore, muc of what is known about the science of alchemists who labored in laboratories.
1. Which of the following is the main point of the passage ?
(A) There were both laboratory and literary alchemists
(B) Base metal can be transmuted to gold by blending them with a subtance more prefect than gold.
(C) Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus wrote about alchemy
(D) Alchemy was the prodecessor of modern chemistry.
2. The word authentic in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by…
(A) Valuable
(B) Genuine
(C) Complete
(D) Comprehensible
3. Look at the word those in paragraph 2. Click on the word or phrase in the paragraph that refers to those.
4. According to the alchemists, what is the difference between base metals and gold ?
(A) Perfection
(B) Chemical content
(C) Temperature
(D) Weight
5. Look at the word asserted in paragraph 2. Click on the word or phrase in the paragraph that is closest in meaning to asserted.
6. According to the passage, what is the “philosopher’s stone” ?
(A) Lead that was mixed with gold
(B) An element that was never found
(C) Another name for alchemy
(D) A base Metal
7. The word cryptic in paragraph 3 could be replaced by which of the following ?
(A) Sholarly
(B) Secret
(C) Foreign
(D) Precise
8. Why did the early alchemists use terms “sun” and “moon” ?
(A) To keep the work secret
(B) To make the work more literary
(C) To attact philophers
(D) To produce a written record
9. Who were the firs alchemists ?
(A) Chemists
(B) Writers
(C) Artisans
(D) Linguists
10. In Oaragraph 3, the author suggest that we know about the history of alchemy because …
(A) The laboratory alchemists kept secrect notes.
(B) The literary alchemists recorded itin writing
(C) The mystical philosophers were not able to hide the alchemists.
(D) The historians were able to interpret thesecre writings of the alchemists
Section 2. Structure
In the first type of question, there are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentece, there are four words or phrases. You will choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Clicking on a choice darkkens the oval. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question has four underlined words or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. Clicking on an underlined word or phrase will darken it. After you click on Next and Confirm Answer, the next question will be presented.
1. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds… on adjacent hills.
(A) More frequently as
(B) As frequently than
(C) More frequently than
(D) Frequently than
2. The native people of the Americas are called (A) Indians because (B) when Columbus landed in the Bahamas in 1942, (C) he thought that he has reached (D) the East Indies.
3. In the relatively (A) short history of industrial developing (B) in the United States,(C) New York City has played (D) a vital role.
4. When a body enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it travels….
(A) Very rapidly
(B) In a rapid manner
(C) Fastly
(D) With great speed
5. Employers often require that candidates have not only a degree…..
(A) But two years experience
(B) Also two years experience
(C) But also two years experience
(D) But more two years experience
6. The salary of bus driver is much higher….
(A) In comparison with the salary of a teacher
(B) Than a teacher
(C) Than that of a teacher
(D) To compare as a teacher
7. Farmers look forward to… every summer.
(A) Participating in the county fairs
(B) Participate in the county fairs
(C) Be participating in the county fairs
(D) Have participated in the county fairs
8. A turtle differs from (A) all other (B) reptiles in that its body is encased in a protective shell of their (C) own.D
9. Excavations (A) in a mound or village often reveral (B) an ancient community that had been laying (C) under later (D) reconstructions of the city
10. One of the first and ultimately (A) the most important purposeful (B) of a reservoir was to control (C) flooding (D)
1. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds… on adjacent hills.
(A) More frequently as
(B) As frequently than
(C) More frequently than
(D) Frequently than
2. The native people of the Americas are called (A) Indians because (B) when Columbus landed in the Bahamas in 1942, (C) he thought that he has reached (D) the East Indies.
3. In the relatively (A) short history of industrial developing (B) in the United States,(C) New York City has played (D) a vital role.
4. When a body enters the Earth’s atmosphere, it travels….
(A) Very rapidly
(B) In a rapid manner
(C) Fastly
(D) With great speed
5. Employers often require that candidates have not only a degree…..
(A) But two years experience
(B) Also two years experience
(C) But also two years experience
(D) But more two years experience
6. The salary of bus driver is much higher….
(A) In comparison with the salary of a teacher
(B) Than a teacher
(C) Than that of a teacher
(D) To compare as a teacher
7. Farmers look forward to… every summer.
(A) Participating in the county fairs
(B) Participate in the county fairs
(C) Be participating in the county fairs
(D) Have participated in the county fairs
8. A turtle differs from (A) all other (B) reptiles in that its body is encased in a protective shell of their (C) own.D
9. Excavations (A) in a mound or village often reveral (B) an ancient community that had been laying (C) under later (D) reconstructions of the city
10. One of the first and ultimately (A) the most important purposeful (B) of a reservoir was to control (C) flooding (D)
Audio Lecture
Narrator : Listen to part of a lecture on Geology.
Fossils are the remains of orgnisms that have been preserved. Some of the most common fossils are shells, skeletons, leaves, and insects. They are occasionally preserved in ice, but most have been burried in mud or sand that collects at the bottom of bodies of water, especially lakes, swamps, and oceans. In order for fossils to form, the animals and plants must be buried quickly; otherwise, theorganism will disintegrate. If they are buried in loose sediment, the soft tissues will begin to decay. But the harder structures such as bones and shells will remain intact for much longer. After years of pressure from the layers of sedment above them, the lower layers of sediment turn into rock, encapsulating the organisms.
There are several different mineral processes that continue the fossilization of oranisms in the sedimentary rocks. A few plants and animals become fossilized after mineral-rich water soaks into the pores an openings in the hard tissues of the plant or animal. In these fossils, theoriginal body of the organism is strengthened by the infusion of mineral deposits, and every detail of the organism is preserved. But in most fossils, the minerals in the water dissolve the original organism, leaving a fossil mold. Minerals continue to be deposited in the mold at the same time, a process that results in the replacement of the same shape. In the casts of these molds, the internal features of the organism are not preserved, but the outer structure is accurate in every detail. Sometimes the fine shapes of even very fragile feathers and for are preserved by mineral replacement.
Although the fossil record is incomplete, the composite of fossil findings chronicles the form of life that existed at various periods in the past. In a sense, the fossil record is a history of life. The location of fossil in layers of undisturbed sedimentary rock shows not only which groups of organisms lived at approximately the same time but also indicates the order in which they were buried, that is, their relative ages. Plants and animals on the lower layers are presumed to be older than those buried after then in the layers above.
1. What are the two most common place where fossils may be found?
(Click on 2 answers)
(A) Ice
(B) Mud
(C) Sand
(D) Water
2. The professor briefly explains a process. Summarize the process by putting the events in order.
(click on a sentence. Then click on the space where it belongs. Use each sentence only once)
(A) Mold of the organism preserved the shape of the organism
(B) Water soaks into the organism
(C) Organisms are buried in mud or sand
(D) Minerals in the water dissolve the original organism.
3. What is lost in the process of replacement ?
(A) The fine shapes of fragile structures
(B) The internal features of the plant or animal
(C) The mineralsin the deposit
(D) The original fossil mold
4. Why are the layers of sedimentary rock important to the fossils record ?
(A) The ages of the fossils may be determined by their location in the layers of rock
(B) The shapes of the fossils may be preserved in the layers of rock
(C) The rock protects the fossils from the mineral water that dissolves them
(D) Plants and animals that are formed at the same time are buried in different layers of rock.
Fossils are the remains of orgnisms that have been preserved. Some of the most common fossils are shells, skeletons, leaves, and insects. They are occasionally preserved in ice, but most have been burried in mud or sand that collects at the bottom of bodies of water, especially lakes, swamps, and oceans. In order for fossils to form, the animals and plants must be buried quickly; otherwise, theorganism will disintegrate. If they are buried in loose sediment, the soft tissues will begin to decay. But the harder structures such as bones and shells will remain intact for much longer. After years of pressure from the layers of sedment above them, the lower layers of sediment turn into rock, encapsulating the organisms.
There are several different mineral processes that continue the fossilization of oranisms in the sedimentary rocks. A few plants and animals become fossilized after mineral-rich water soaks into the pores an openings in the hard tissues of the plant or animal. In these fossils, theoriginal body of the organism is strengthened by the infusion of mineral deposits, and every detail of the organism is preserved. But in most fossils, the minerals in the water dissolve the original organism, leaving a fossil mold. Minerals continue to be deposited in the mold at the same time, a process that results in the replacement of the same shape. In the casts of these molds, the internal features of the organism are not preserved, but the outer structure is accurate in every detail. Sometimes the fine shapes of even very fragile feathers and for are preserved by mineral replacement.
Although the fossil record is incomplete, the composite of fossil findings chronicles the form of life that existed at various periods in the past. In a sense, the fossil record is a history of life. The location of fossil in layers of undisturbed sedimentary rock shows not only which groups of organisms lived at approximately the same time but also indicates the order in which they were buried, that is, their relative ages. Plants and animals on the lower layers are presumed to be older than those buried after then in the layers above.
1. What are the two most common place where fossils may be found?
(Click on 2 answers)
(A) Ice
(B) Mud
(C) Sand
(D) Water
2. The professor briefly explains a process. Summarize the process by putting the events in order.
(click on a sentence. Then click on the space where it belongs. Use each sentence only once)
(A) Mold of the organism preserved the shape of the organism
(B) Water soaks into the organism
(C) Organisms are buried in mud or sand
(D) Minerals in the water dissolve the original organism.
3. What is lost in the process of replacement ?
(A) The fine shapes of fragile structures
(B) The internal features of the plant or animal
(C) The mineralsin the deposit
(D) The original fossil mold
4. Why are the layers of sedimentary rock important to the fossils record ?
(A) The ages of the fossils may be determined by their location in the layers of rock
(B) The shapes of the fossils may be preserved in the layers of rock
(C) The rock protects the fossils from the mineral water that dissolves them
(D) Plants and animals that are formed at the same time are buried in different layers of rock.
TOEFL dengan komputer atau Computer –based TOEFL (CBT)
Section 1. Listening
Question Directions – Part A
In part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations b etween two people. In some of the conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it. Each queation in this part has 4 znswer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question. Answer the questionson thebasis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.
(Suara Rekaman) :
1. Woman : Are you still studying ? it’s two o’clock in themorning.
Man : I know. I just can’t seem to get caught up.
Narrator : What does the man mean ?
(A) He should go to bed
(B) He did not know the time
(C) He is trying to bring his work up to date
(D) He is not sleepy yet
2. Man : It’s your turn to call the names on the list if you wan to
Woman : I think I’ll pass this time
Narrator : What’s the woman going to do ?
(A) Spend some time with the man
(B) Make a list of the names
(C) Pass out the names
(D) Let someone else call the names
3. Woman : I’m pretty sure that the deadline for application has passed
Man : Why don’t you let me look into it for you?
Narrator : What does the man mean?
(A) The woman has missed the deadline
(B) He will investigate the situation
(C) The deadline has been canceled
(D) An exception might bepossible
4. Man : This is the first time I’ve had to get a tutor.
Woman : What seems to be the problem?
Man : Well, I understand thelectures but I get mixed up when I try to read the book.
Narrator : What doesthe man mean ?
(A) The book is confusing
(B) He is doing well in the class
(C) The teacher is not very clear
(D) The lectures are from the book
5. Man : The paper isn’t due untul next week
Woman : Yes, I know. But I wnted to turn it in ahead of time if that’s all right
Narrator : What does the woman mean ?
(A) She wants to submit her paper early
(B) The answers on the paper are all correct
(C) The deadline has passed for the paper
(D) The paper is not quite finished
6. Man : I can’t stand this class !
Woman : Well, you have might as well get used to it. You have to take it in order to graduate.
Narrator : What does the woman say about the class ?
(A) She does not like the class
(B) It is not a required class
(C) She has already taken the class
(D) The man will have to take the class
7. Woman : How are you going to get ready for an oral final ?
Man : The professor said we should study alone, but the T.A said to get into a study group and quiz each other.
Narrator : What did the T.A. suggest the students do ?
(A) Study together
(B) Prepare for an oral final
(C) Review the quizzes
(D) Take the professor’s advice
8. Man : I need an advisor’s signature on my course request form. Could I make an appointment, please ?
Woman : Oh, well, you don’tneed to make an appointment. Just wait here.v I’ll get a pen
Narrator : What is the woman going to do ?
(A) Make an appointment.
(B) Give the man a pen
(C) Sign the form for the man
(D) Wait for the man
9. Woman : Thanks for reading my paper
Man : Sure. This copy looks good. Why don’t you just hand it in ?
Woman : No, I’d better make one more draft.
Narrator : What is the woman going to do ?
(A) Revise her work
(B) Close the window
(C) Copy from the man
(D) Hand in the work
10. Woman : Your load payment is due on the first. Oh, sorry, the computer has you scheduled for the fifth.
Man : That’s good. That’s what I thought.
Narrator : What had made the man assumed about the loan payment ?
(A) The computer made an error
(B) The payment is due on the fifth of every month.
(C) The loan must be paid by the first of the month
(D) The loan had already been paid in full
Question Directions –Part B
Question Directions – Part A
In part A of the Listening Section, you will hear short conversations b etween two people. In some of the conversations, each person speaks only once. In other conversations, one or both of the people speak more than once. Each conversation is followed by one question about it. Each queation in this part has 4 znswer choices. You should click on the best answer to each question. Answer the questionson thebasis of what is stated or implied by the speakers.
(Suara Rekaman) :
1. Woman : Are you still studying ? it’s two o’clock in themorning.
Man : I know. I just can’t seem to get caught up.
Narrator : What does the man mean ?
(A) He should go to bed
(B) He did not know the time
(C) He is trying to bring his work up to date
(D) He is not sleepy yet
2. Man : It’s your turn to call the names on the list if you wan to
Woman : I think I’ll pass this time
Narrator : What’s the woman going to do ?
(A) Spend some time with the man
(B) Make a list of the names
(C) Pass out the names
(D) Let someone else call the names
3. Woman : I’m pretty sure that the deadline for application has passed
Man : Why don’t you let me look into it for you?
Narrator : What does the man mean?
(A) The woman has missed the deadline
(B) He will investigate the situation
(C) The deadline has been canceled
(D) An exception might bepossible
4. Man : This is the first time I’ve had to get a tutor.
Woman : What seems to be the problem?
Man : Well, I understand thelectures but I get mixed up when I try to read the book.
Narrator : What doesthe man mean ?
(A) The book is confusing
(B) He is doing well in the class
(C) The teacher is not very clear
(D) The lectures are from the book
5. Man : The paper isn’t due untul next week
Woman : Yes, I know. But I wnted to turn it in ahead of time if that’s all right
Narrator : What does the woman mean ?
(A) She wants to submit her paper early
(B) The answers on the paper are all correct
(C) The deadline has passed for the paper
(D) The paper is not quite finished
6. Man : I can’t stand this class !
Woman : Well, you have might as well get used to it. You have to take it in order to graduate.
Narrator : What does the woman say about the class ?
(A) She does not like the class
(B) It is not a required class
(C) She has already taken the class
(D) The man will have to take the class
7. Woman : How are you going to get ready for an oral final ?
Man : The professor said we should study alone, but the T.A said to get into a study group and quiz each other.
Narrator : What did the T.A. suggest the students do ?
(A) Study together
(B) Prepare for an oral final
(C) Review the quizzes
(D) Take the professor’s advice
8. Man : I need an advisor’s signature on my course request form. Could I make an appointment, please ?
Woman : Oh, well, you don’tneed to make an appointment. Just wait here.v I’ll get a pen
Narrator : What is the woman going to do ?
(A) Make an appointment.
(B) Give the man a pen
(C) Sign the form for the man
(D) Wait for the man
9. Woman : Thanks for reading my paper
Man : Sure. This copy looks good. Why don’t you just hand it in ?
Woman : No, I’d better make one more draft.
Narrator : What is the woman going to do ?
(A) Revise her work
(B) Close the window
(C) Copy from the man
(D) Hand in the work
10. Woman : Your load payment is due on the first. Oh, sorry, the computer has you scheduled for the fifth.
Man : That’s good. That’s what I thought.
Narrator : What had made the man assumed about the loan payment ?
(A) The computer made an error
(B) The payment is due on the fifth of every month.
(C) The loan must be paid by the first of the month
(D) The loan had already been paid in full
Question Directions –Part B
Selasa, 06 Desember 2011
Reading Comprehension
Directions
In this section, you will read a number of passages. Each one is followed by approximately ten questions about it. For questions 1-10 , choose the one best answer, (A),(B),(C) or (D), to each question. Then, find the number of the question on your answer sheet, and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our healt. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps 80 percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. People of different cultures are more prone to contract certain illnesses because of the characteristic foods they consume.
That foods is related to illness is not new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites (commonly used to preserve color in meats) as well as other food additives caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which ingredients on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives that we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cattle and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been bound in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes, similar drugs are administered reason. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the food and drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control thesse procedures, the prctices continue.
A healthy diet is directly related to good health. Often we are unware of detrimental substances we ingest. Sometimes well-meaning farmers or otherswho do not realize the consequences add these substances to food without our knowledge.
1. How has science doone a disservice to people ?
(A) Because of science, disease caused by contaminated food has been virtually eradicated.
(B) It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.
(C) As a result of scientific intervention, some potentially harmful substances have been added to our food.
(D) The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not of vegetables.
2. The word “prone”in paragraph 1 is nearest in meaning to…
(A) Supine
(B) Unlikely
(C) Healthy
(D) Predisposed
3. What are nitrates used for ?
(A) They preserve flavor in packaged foods
(B) They preserve the color of meats
(C) They are the objects of research.
(D) They cause the animals to become fatter.
4. FDA means….
(A) Food Direct Additives
(B) Final Difficult Analysis
(C) Food and Drug Administration
(D) Federal Dairy Additives
5. The word “these” in paragraph 2 refers to…
(A) Meats
(B) Colors
(C) Researchers
(D) Nitrates and nitrites
6. In paragraph 2, the word “carcinogenic” is closerin meaning to
(A) Trouble-making
(B) Color-retaining
(C) Money-making
(D) Cancer-causing
7. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT…
(A) Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.
(B) Some of the additives in our food are added to the food it self and some are given to the living animals.
(C) Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for more than 45 years.
(D) Food may cause 40 percent of the cancer in the world.
8. The word “additives” in paragraph 2 is closestin meaning to….
(A) Added substances
(B) Dangerous substances
(C) Natural substances
(D) Benignsubstances
9. What Is the best title for this passage ?
(A) Harmful and harmless substances in food
(B) Improving health through a natural diet
(C) The food you eat can affect your health
(D) Avoiding Injurious Substances in Food
10. In paragraph 1, the word :fit” is closest in meaning to…
(A) Athletic
(B) Suitable
(C) Tasty
(D) Adaptable
In this section, you will read a number of passages. Each one is followed by approximately ten questions about it. For questions 1-10 , choose the one best answer, (A),(B),(C) or (D), to each question. Then, find the number of the question on your answer sheet, and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our healt. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps 80 percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. People of different cultures are more prone to contract certain illnesses because of the characteristic foods they consume.
That foods is related to illness is not new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites (commonly used to preserve color in meats) as well as other food additives caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which ingredients on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives that we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cattle and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been bound in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes, similar drugs are administered reason. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the food and drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control thesse procedures, the prctices continue.
A healthy diet is directly related to good health. Often we are unware of detrimental substances we ingest. Sometimes well-meaning farmers or otherswho do not realize the consequences add these substances to food without our knowledge.
1. How has science doone a disservice to people ?
(A) Because of science, disease caused by contaminated food has been virtually eradicated.
(B) It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.
(C) As a result of scientific intervention, some potentially harmful substances have been added to our food.
(D) The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not of vegetables.
2. The word “prone”in paragraph 1 is nearest in meaning to…
(A) Supine
(B) Unlikely
(C) Healthy
(D) Predisposed
3. What are nitrates used for ?
(A) They preserve flavor in packaged foods
(B) They preserve the color of meats
(C) They are the objects of research.
(D) They cause the animals to become fatter.
4. FDA means….
(A) Food Direct Additives
(B) Final Difficult Analysis
(C) Food and Drug Administration
(D) Federal Dairy Additives
5. The word “these” in paragraph 2 refers to…
(A) Meats
(B) Colors
(C) Researchers
(D) Nitrates and nitrites
6. In paragraph 2, the word “carcinogenic” is closerin meaning to
(A) Trouble-making
(B) Color-retaining
(C) Money-making
(D) Cancer-causing
7. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT…
(A) Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.
(B) Some of the additives in our food are added to the food it self and some are given to the living animals.
(C) Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for more than 45 years.
(D) Food may cause 40 percent of the cancer in the world.
8. The word “additives” in paragraph 2 is closestin meaning to….
(A) Added substances
(B) Dangerous substances
(C) Natural substances
(D) Benignsubstances
9. What Is the best title for this passage ?
(A) Harmful and harmless substances in food
(B) Improving health through a natural diet
(C) The food you eat can affect your health
(D) Avoiding Injurious Substances in Food
10. In paragraph 1, the word :fit” is closest in meaning to…
(A) Athletic
(B) Suitable
(C) Tasty
(D) Adaptable
Structure and Written Expression
Directions
Question 1 - 15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the oval cannot be sedn.
1. The population of cities in the Eastern and Northern areas of the United States is declining, while... soutthern cities is growing.
(A) That in
(B) That of
(C) Those of
(D) Those in
2. Some people find it surprising... his career as an actor in California.
(A) When Ronald Reagan began
(B) Ronald Reagan began
(C) That Ronald Reagan began
(D) To know Ronald Reagan
3. The trafels of marco Polo in the twelfth century would not have been so well known... for the book he wrote while in jail.
(A) it not have been
(B) is not been
(C) Had it not been
(D) Has not been
4. The Caspian Sea, a salt lake, is... any other lake in the world.
(A) Largest
(B) The largest
(C) larger than
(D) the larger than
5. At 3,810 meter above sea level in Bolivia stand lake Titicaca, ... in the world
(A) the highest large lake
(B) higest large lake
(C) high largest lake
(D) the high largest lake
6. .... in an electric typewriter is the abilty to correct spelling errors.
(A) There many new features
(B) New features
(C) The new features
(D) One of the new features
7. Ballet dancers, ...actors, must spend many hours a day practicing before a performance.
(A) like
(B) thelike
(C) the same
(D) same as
8. It is a sign... fall when the leaves on the trees begin to change color.
(A) For
(B) At
(C) To
(D) Of
9. Bees have compound eyes... almost 6,000 tiny lenses.
(A) made of
(B) made in
(C) made on
(D) made up
10. ...The reactions of people with amnesia, scientists are learning more about the process of memory in the brain.
(A) By studying
(B) To study
(C) The study
(D) They're a studying
Directions
In questions 11-20, each sentence has four underlined word or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A),(B),(C) and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentece to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds tothe letter of the answer you have chosen.
11. The(A) strong wind does (B) a terrible noise when (C) it blows through (D)antenna
12. Bacteria and germs are too tiny (A)that they are(B) invisible (C)to the naked (D)eye.
13. Different kinds of turtles are (A)uniquely adapt (B) to living(C)on land, in fresh water, or in the (D) ocean
14. The field (A)of laser spectroscopy has changed(B) radically between (C)the last decade.(D)
15. The surgeon (A)and sanitary techniques applied by (B) the Greeks were lost (C)with the deterioration of their (D)Civilization
16. Smoking (A) is not allowed in gas stations because there is (B) too many (C) easily ignited (D)material in the vicinity.
17. Comets (A)are apparently the more (B) numerous bodies (C) in the solar system except(D)
18. Benzene should be kept (A)in tightly-capped (B) bottles, because it(C) is high (D)volatile
19. The researchers (A) systematic (B) their (C)information before writing (D)the report.
20. The use of (A)standard spelling , correct grammar, and approving (B)pronunciation indicates (C)that a person Is educated (D)
Question 1 - 15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases marked (A), (B), (C) and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space so that the letter inside the oval cannot be sedn.
1. The population of cities in the Eastern and Northern areas of the United States is declining, while... soutthern cities is growing.
(A) That in
(B) That of
(C) Those of
(D) Those in
2. Some people find it surprising... his career as an actor in California.
(A) When Ronald Reagan began
(B) Ronald Reagan began
(C) That Ronald Reagan began
(D) To know Ronald Reagan
3. The trafels of marco Polo in the twelfth century would not have been so well known... for the book he wrote while in jail.
(A) it not have been
(B) is not been
(C) Had it not been
(D) Has not been
4. The Caspian Sea, a salt lake, is... any other lake in the world.
(A) Largest
(B) The largest
(C) larger than
(D) the larger than
5. At 3,810 meter above sea level in Bolivia stand lake Titicaca, ... in the world
(A) the highest large lake
(B) higest large lake
(C) high largest lake
(D) the high largest lake
6. .... in an electric typewriter is the abilty to correct spelling errors.
(A) There many new features
(B) New features
(C) The new features
(D) One of the new features
7. Ballet dancers, ...actors, must spend many hours a day practicing before a performance.
(A) like
(B) thelike
(C) the same
(D) same as
8. It is a sign... fall when the leaves on the trees begin to change color.
(A) For
(B) At
(C) To
(D) Of
9. Bees have compound eyes... almost 6,000 tiny lenses.
(A) made of
(B) made in
(C) made on
(D) made up
10. ...The reactions of people with amnesia, scientists are learning more about the process of memory in the brain.
(A) By studying
(B) To study
(C) The study
(D) They're a studying
Directions
In questions 11-20, each sentence has four underlined word or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A),(B),(C) and (D). Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentece to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds tothe letter of the answer you have chosen.
11. The(A) strong wind does (B) a terrible noise when (C) it blows through (D)antenna
12. Bacteria and germs are too tiny (A)that they are(B) invisible (C)to the naked (D)eye.
13. Different kinds of turtles are (A)uniquely adapt (B) to living(C)on land, in fresh water, or in the (D) ocean
14. The field (A)of laser spectroscopy has changed(B) radically between (C)the last decade.(D)
15. The surgeon (A)and sanitary techniques applied by (B) the Greeks were lost (C)with the deterioration of their (D)Civilization
16. Smoking (A) is not allowed in gas stations because there is (B) too many (C) easily ignited (D)material in the vicinity.
17. Comets (A)are apparently the more (B) numerous bodies (C) in the solar system except(D)
18. Benzene should be kept (A)in tightly-capped (B) bottles, because it(C) is high (D)volatile
19. The researchers (A) systematic (B) their (C)information before writing (D)the report.
20. The use of (A)standard spelling , correct grammar, and approving (B)pronunciation indicates (C)that a person Is educated (D)
Directions
In part C, you will hear several talks. After each talk, you will be asked some questions. The talks and questions will be spoken just one time. They will not be written out for you, so you will have to listen carefully in order to understand and remember what the speaker says.
When you hear a question, read thefour possible answers in your test book and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Then, on your answers sheet, find the number of the problem and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Almost two centuries ago, humans enjoyed their first airbone ride in a cloth balloon. Passengers rode in a basket fastned below the ballon. These brave adventures depended solely on the wind velocity and direction to move them about because of the lack of a steering mechanism.
In 1852, a French clockmaker flew the first controllable balloon a distance of seventeenmiles. germany began producing and using airships about 46 years later with its famous zeppelins, named in honor of their inventor, Count von Zeppelins. The largest and probably most famous of Germany's airships was the Hindenberg, which could travel at 85 miles per hour.
Later, the two countries bordering on the English Channel, Great Britian and France, built smaller airships called "blimps". The letter ships were intended for patrolling the coast and observing submarine activity, while the former served as passenger and cargo ships. After the Hindenberg burned in 1973, more and more people shied away from this form of transprotation.
15. Why was it difficulttofly in the air-filled balloons of two hundred years ago?
(A) There was not much wind.
(B) There was no way of controlling them.
(C) It was hard to get off the ground
(D) They were too heavy.
16. Which of the following countires was NOT involved in the production of airships ?
(A) Germany
(B) France
(C) United States
(D) England
17. Who flew the first controllable balloon ?
(A) A French clockmaker
(B) Von Zeppelin
(C) A Frecnh count
(D) Blimp
18. Which country used these ships for passenger and cargo transport ?
(A) Germany
(B) England
(C) United States
(D) France
19. Why did fewer people travel on airships after 1937 ?
(A) The airships were used for wartime purposes.
(B) They were afraid because of the tragedy of the Hinderberg.
(C) The newer modelsweretoo small
(D) They were difficult to control
20. In about what year was Hindenberg introduced by Germany ?
(A) 1889
(B) 1894
(C) 1989
(D) 1898
When you hear a question, read thefour possible answers in your test book and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Then, on your answers sheet, find the number of the problem and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Almost two centuries ago, humans enjoyed their first airbone ride in a cloth balloon. Passengers rode in a basket fastned below the ballon. These brave adventures depended solely on the wind velocity and direction to move them about because of the lack of a steering mechanism.
In 1852, a French clockmaker flew the first controllable balloon a distance of seventeenmiles. germany began producing and using airships about 46 years later with its famous zeppelins, named in honor of their inventor, Count von Zeppelins. The largest and probably most famous of Germany's airships was the Hindenberg, which could travel at 85 miles per hour.
Later, the two countries bordering on the English Channel, Great Britian and France, built smaller airships called "blimps". The letter ships were intended for patrolling the coast and observing submarine activity, while the former served as passenger and cargo ships. After the Hindenberg burned in 1973, more and more people shied away from this form of transprotation.
15. Why was it difficulttofly in the air-filled balloons of two hundred years ago?
(A) There was not much wind.
(B) There was no way of controlling them.
(C) It was hard to get off the ground
(D) They were too heavy.
16. Which of the following countires was NOT involved in the production of airships ?
(A) Germany
(B) France
(C) United States
(D) England
17. Who flew the first controllable balloon ?
(A) A French clockmaker
(B) Von Zeppelin
(C) A Frecnh count
(D) Blimp
18. Which country used these ships for passenger and cargo transport ?
(A) Germany
(B) England
(C) United States
(D) France
19. Why did fewer people travel on airships after 1937 ?
(A) The airships were used for wartime purposes.
(B) They were afraid because of the tragedy of the Hinderberg.
(C) The newer modelsweretoo small
(D) They were difficult to control
20. In about what year was Hindenberg introduced by Germany ?
(A) 1889
(B) 1894
(C) 1989
(D) 1898
Contoh-contoh Soal TOEFL
Agar para pemakai buku ini dapat memahami soal-soal TOEFL secara lebih konkret (terutama bagi para pemula), berikut disajikan contoh-contoh soal-soal ujian TOEFL yang di ambil dari berbagai buku pembahasan mengenai TOEFL yang isi,susunan,serta sistemnya pengerjaannya dirancang sangat mirip dengan soal-soal TOEFL versi asli atau TOEFL-like Test. Dan, karena buku ini ditulis dengan menekankan pada pembahasan mengenai tida macam ujian TOEFL (PBT,CBT dan IBT), maka jumlah contoh butir-butir soal yang di berikan untuk seriap versinya pun tidak dapat sebanyak versi ujian TOEFL yang asli. Namun demikian, penulis sudah merangkum dan memilih soal-soal yang cukup variatif dan mewakili versi asli.
A. Contoh-contoh Soal TOEFL Versi Kertasdan Pensil (PBT)
Section 1. Listening Comprehension
Part A.
(Percakapan-percakapan soal ini seharusnya di berikan secara lisan, tetapi didalam buku ini, soal-soal untuk listening diberikan dalam bentuk tertulis karena buku ini tidak disertai dengan kasetnya.)
Direction
In part A, are you will hear short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The question will be spoken just one time. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the 4 possible answers and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.
1. Man : What's in that bag over there?
Woman : I bought some aples, peaches, pears and grapes.
3th Voice : What is the woman talking about ?
(A) Vegetables (C) Mear
(B)Fruit (D) Cookies
2. Woman : Where did joe and nancy go for their haoneymoon ?
Man : They were gooing to Puerto Rico, but they couldn't afford it, sother went to St. Augustine instead for one we
3th : What does the man say about the couples
(A) They couldn't afford a honeymoon.
(B) They went to puerto Rico.
(C) They went to St. Augustine.
(D) They are still planning on going to Puerto Rico.
3. Woman : Did you know that the hot dog did not originate in the United States but in Germany?
Man : Yes, and they've even had something similiar to it in Finland. It's made out ofreindeer meat.
3th : Which of the following is NOT true about the hot dog ?
(A) The first hot dog came from Germany.
(B) Hot dogs originated in the United States.
(C) Some hot dogs are made from reindeer meat.
(D) Even countries like the Finland have a food similiar to hot dogs.
4. Woman : You ought to take it easy for a few days.
Man : I have no time to spare.
3th Voice : What problem does the man have ?
(A) His work is too simple to keep him interested.
(B) He has no time to relax
(C) He has a flat tire
(D) He has no work to do.
5. Man : Tiffany is already walking, but stephanie isn't.
Woman : Tiffany was born before Stephanie was.
3th Voice : What does the woman say about Tiffany and stephanie ?
(A) Tiffany is Stephanie's mother.
(B) Tiffany and stephanie are sisters.
(C) Tiffany is older than Stephanie.
(D) Tiffany is younger than Stephanie.
6. Man : I am taking my car downtown to be repaired.
Woman : Be sure you get an estimate
3th Voice : Whatdoes the womanadvise the man?
(A) To find out how long it will take to repair the car
(B) To find a different repairman.
(C) To find out what it will robably cost before the work is done.
(D) To repair himself.
7. Woman : Why did Professor Nelson get angry with Jane?
Man : She should have worked on her paper last night, but she watched TV instead.
3th Voice : What does the man say about jane ?
(A) She watch TV lastnight instead of working on her paper.
(B) She didn't wtch TV last night because she had to write a paper.
(C) She wrote her paper last night while she was watching TV.
(D) She is writing a TV script.
8. Man : Franklin focused on the deer and snapped the shutter.
Woman : What a greatshot!
3th Voice : What are the speaker talking about ?
(A) Franklin admired the deer's beauty from hus bedroom window.
(B) Franklin closed the door quickly.
(C) Franklin shot a deer with a fifle.
(D) Franklin took a photograph of a deer.
9. Woman : I need to complete my paper this weekend.
Man : If i were you, I'd have it typed by a service.
3th Voice : What does the man suggest the woman do ?
(A) Start typing immediately.
(B) Have her paper typed by somebody else.
(C) Change her topic.
(D) Find a different typing service.
10. Man : I hear Yolanda ran into Anna downtown last week.
Woman : I haven't seen either of them for months.
3 th Voice : What does the man mean ?
(A) Yolanda injured Anna.
(B) Yolanda had to run downtown last week.
(C) Yolanda went downtown to exercise.
(D) Yolanda met Anna downtown unexpectedly.
Part B.
Directions
In Part B, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will be asked some question. The conversations and questions will spoken just one time. They will not be written out for you, so you will have to listen carefully in order to understand and remember what the speaker says.
When you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and decide which one would be the best answer sheet, find the number of the problem and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Woman : I hear that Paul Schmidt has written a new novel.
Man : Yes, it's a science fiction piece called martian Renaissance.
Woman : Sounds intriguing. What's the plot like ?
Man : It deals with a five-man, one-woman crew on a three-year mission to Mars.
Woman : Is their mission successful?
Man : Erll, in some respect it is.They have a series of incredible adventures once they land.
Woman : Do they meet any real Martians ?
Man : You'll have to read the book to find out.
11. What is the name of Paul Schmidt's new book?
(A) The incredible Adventures of the Martians.
(B) Mission to Mars.
(C) Martian Renaissance.
(D) Captivating tales of Mars.
12. What type of bookisit ?
(A) Science fiction
(B) Adventure
(C) Biography
(D) Documentary
13. How long did the mission to Mars take ?
(A) One years
(B) Three years
(C) Five years
(D) Seven years
14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned ?
(A) The crew had some incredible adventures on Mars.
(B) The crew met some real Martians.
(C) The Martians captured the crew.
(D) The ship carried an all-male crew.
A. Contoh-contoh Soal TOEFL Versi Kertasdan Pensil (PBT)
Section 1. Listening Comprehension
Part A.
(Percakapan-percakapan soal ini seharusnya di berikan secara lisan, tetapi didalam buku ini, soal-soal untuk listening diberikan dalam bentuk tertulis karena buku ini tidak disertai dengan kasetnya.)
Direction
In part A, are you will hear short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. The question will be spoken just one time. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the 4 possible answers and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.
1. Man : What's in that bag over there?
Woman : I bought some aples, peaches, pears and grapes.
3th Voice : What is the woman talking about ?
(A) Vegetables (C) Mear
(B)Fruit (D) Cookies
2. Woman : Where did joe and nancy go for their haoneymoon ?
Man : They were gooing to Puerto Rico, but they couldn't afford it, sother went to St. Augustine instead for one we
3th : What does the man say about the couples
(A) They couldn't afford a honeymoon.
(B) They went to puerto Rico.
(C) They went to St. Augustine.
(D) They are still planning on going to Puerto Rico.
3. Woman : Did you know that the hot dog did not originate in the United States but in Germany?
Man : Yes, and they've even had something similiar to it in Finland. It's made out ofreindeer meat.
3th : Which of the following is NOT true about the hot dog ?
(A) The first hot dog came from Germany.
(B) Hot dogs originated in the United States.
(C) Some hot dogs are made from reindeer meat.
(D) Even countries like the Finland have a food similiar to hot dogs.
4. Woman : You ought to take it easy for a few days.
Man : I have no time to spare.
3th Voice : What problem does the man have ?
(A) His work is too simple to keep him interested.
(B) He has no time to relax
(C) He has a flat tire
(D) He has no work to do.
5. Man : Tiffany is already walking, but stephanie isn't.
Woman : Tiffany was born before Stephanie was.
3th Voice : What does the woman say about Tiffany and stephanie ?
(A) Tiffany is Stephanie's mother.
(B) Tiffany and stephanie are sisters.
(C) Tiffany is older than Stephanie.
(D) Tiffany is younger than Stephanie.
6. Man : I am taking my car downtown to be repaired.
Woman : Be sure you get an estimate
3th Voice : Whatdoes the womanadvise the man?
(A) To find out how long it will take to repair the car
(B) To find a different repairman.
(C) To find out what it will robably cost before the work is done.
(D) To repair himself.
7. Woman : Why did Professor Nelson get angry with Jane?
Man : She should have worked on her paper last night, but she watched TV instead.
3th Voice : What does the man say about jane ?
(A) She watch TV lastnight instead of working on her paper.
(B) She didn't wtch TV last night because she had to write a paper.
(C) She wrote her paper last night while she was watching TV.
(D) She is writing a TV script.
8. Man : Franklin focused on the deer and snapped the shutter.
Woman : What a greatshot!
3th Voice : What are the speaker talking about ?
(A) Franklin admired the deer's beauty from hus bedroom window.
(B) Franklin closed the door quickly.
(C) Franklin shot a deer with a fifle.
(D) Franklin took a photograph of a deer.
9. Woman : I need to complete my paper this weekend.
Man : If i were you, I'd have it typed by a service.
3th Voice : What does the man suggest the woman do ?
(A) Start typing immediately.
(B) Have her paper typed by somebody else.
(C) Change her topic.
(D) Find a different typing service.
10. Man : I hear Yolanda ran into Anna downtown last week.
Woman : I haven't seen either of them for months.
3 th Voice : What does the man mean ?
(A) Yolanda injured Anna.
(B) Yolanda had to run downtown last week.
(C) Yolanda went downtown to exercise.
(D) Yolanda met Anna downtown unexpectedly.
Part B.
Directions
In Part B, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you will be asked some question. The conversations and questions will spoken just one time. They will not be written out for you, so you will have to listen carefully in order to understand and remember what the speaker says.
When you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and decide which one would be the best answer sheet, find the number of the problem and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Woman : I hear that Paul Schmidt has written a new novel.
Man : Yes, it's a science fiction piece called martian Renaissance.
Woman : Sounds intriguing. What's the plot like ?
Man : It deals with a five-man, one-woman crew on a three-year mission to Mars.
Woman : Is their mission successful?
Man : Erll, in some respect it is.They have a series of incredible adventures once they land.
Woman : Do they meet any real Martians ?
Man : You'll have to read the book to find out.
11. What is the name of Paul Schmidt's new book?
(A) The incredible Adventures of the Martians.
(B) Mission to Mars.
(C) Martian Renaissance.
(D) Captivating tales of Mars.
12. What type of bookisit ?
(A) Science fiction
(B) Adventure
(C) Biography
(D) Documentary
13. How long did the mission to Mars take ?
(A) One years
(B) Three years
(C) Five years
(D) Seven years
14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned ?
(A) The crew had some incredible adventures on Mars.
(B) The crew met some real Martians.
(C) The Martians captured the crew.
(D) The ship carried an all-male crew.
Jumat, 02 Desember 2011
TOEFL dengan Internet atau Internet-based TOEFL (IBT)
Kelompok Pertama : Kemampuan Membaca
1. Reading Section
Kelompok soal Reading pada ujian TOEFL model Internet berisi teks-teks bacaan yang cukup panjang, masing-masing terdiri dari sekitar 700 kata. Untuk tes berformat pendek oleh 12-14 butirpertanyaan, sedangkan untuk format panjang peserta diberi limateks bacaan dengan masin-masing teks terdiri dari 12-14 butir soal.
Untuk sebagian besar butir-butir pertanyaan masing-masing diberi nilai satu poin untuk setiap jawaban yang benar, tetapi khusus untuk butir soal yang terkahir nilainya lebih dari satu poin. Waktu yang disediakan untuk membaca semua teks bacaan dan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaannya adalah 60 menit untuk format pendek dan 100 menit untuk format panjang. Peserta boleh membuat catatan-catatan untuk menyempurnakan jawabannya. Dalam beberapa teks bacaan, kemungkinan terdapat kata atau frasa tersebut untuk mendapatkan definisi atau penjelasan tentang makna nya.
Untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan model pilihan ganda, pilihlah pilihan yang menurut anda paling benar. Ikutilah petunjuk-petunjuk pada halaman teks atau pada layar monitor untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan tes TOEFL model komputer. Silakan mengeklik Next untuk melihat pertanyaan berikutnya dan Back untuk kembali ke pertanyaan terdahulu asalkan masih mengerjakan bagian teks yang sama, tetapi setelah beralih pada teks bacaan berikutnya, anda tidak dapat mengulangi melihat pertanyaan dari teks bacaan sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, kerjakan setiap pertanyaan teks dengan teliti dan pastikan anda sudah yakin dengan jawaban-jawaban yang telah anda pilih sebelum anda mengeklik Next ada bagian akhir sebuah teks bacaan untuk beralih ke teks berikutnya.
Agar dapat melihat seluruh pertanyaan yang telah anda jawab, anda dapat mengeklik pada Review, dan melalui tampilan pada layar monitor, anda dapat melihat kembali bila masih ada butir pertanyaan yang belum anda jawab. Untuk menyelesaikan soal-soal kelompok Reading ini, layar monitor akan manampilkan tampilan jam untuk menunjukkan sebarapa banyak waktu yang masih tersisa untuk menyelesaikan kelompok soal tersebut. Berikut adalah sejumlah petunjuk dalam mengerjakan soal-soal Reading dalam TOEFL IBT yang harus diperhatikan dengan seksama.
Direction
1. Look at the four squares ( ) that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Artinya : Lihatlah empat lambang kotak segi empat yang menunjukkan dibagian mana kalimat ini dapat disisipkan kedalam teks bacaan.
1. Reading Section
Kelompok soal Reading pada ujian TOEFL model Internet berisi teks-teks bacaan yang cukup panjang, masing-masing terdiri dari sekitar 700 kata. Untuk tes berformat pendek oleh 12-14 butirpertanyaan, sedangkan untuk format panjang peserta diberi limateks bacaan dengan masin-masing teks terdiri dari 12-14 butir soal.
Untuk sebagian besar butir-butir pertanyaan masing-masing diberi nilai satu poin untuk setiap jawaban yang benar, tetapi khusus untuk butir soal yang terkahir nilainya lebih dari satu poin. Waktu yang disediakan untuk membaca semua teks bacaan dan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaannya adalah 60 menit untuk format pendek dan 100 menit untuk format panjang. Peserta boleh membuat catatan-catatan untuk menyempurnakan jawabannya. Dalam beberapa teks bacaan, kemungkinan terdapat kata atau frasa tersebut untuk mendapatkan definisi atau penjelasan tentang makna nya.
Untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan model pilihan ganda, pilihlah pilihan yang menurut anda paling benar. Ikutilah petunjuk-petunjuk pada halaman teks atau pada layar monitor untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan tes TOEFL model komputer. Silakan mengeklik Next untuk melihat pertanyaan berikutnya dan Back untuk kembali ke pertanyaan terdahulu asalkan masih mengerjakan bagian teks yang sama, tetapi setelah beralih pada teks bacaan berikutnya, anda tidak dapat mengulangi melihat pertanyaan dari teks bacaan sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, kerjakan setiap pertanyaan teks dengan teliti dan pastikan anda sudah yakin dengan jawaban-jawaban yang telah anda pilih sebelum anda mengeklik Next ada bagian akhir sebuah teks bacaan untuk beralih ke teks berikutnya.
Agar dapat melihat seluruh pertanyaan yang telah anda jawab, anda dapat mengeklik pada Review, dan melalui tampilan pada layar monitor, anda dapat melihat kembali bila masih ada butir pertanyaan yang belum anda jawab. Untuk menyelesaikan soal-soal kelompok Reading ini, layar monitor akan manampilkan tampilan jam untuk menunjukkan sebarapa banyak waktu yang masih tersisa untuk menyelesaikan kelompok soal tersebut. Berikut adalah sejumlah petunjuk dalam mengerjakan soal-soal Reading dalam TOEFL IBT yang harus diperhatikan dengan seksama.
Direction
1. Look at the four squares ( ) that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Artinya : Lihatlah empat lambang kotak segi empat yang menunjukkan dibagian mana kalimat ini dapat disisipkan kedalam teks bacaan.
TOEFL dengan Komputer atau Computer-based TOEFL (CBT)
Kelompok Pertama (section 1)
1. Listening
Bagian A
Pada kelompok soal bagian A, anda akan mendengar percakapan-percakapan pendek antara dua orang pembicara. Pada beberapa percakapan setiap pembicara hanya berbicara satu kali, sementara pada percakapan-percakapan yang lain salah satu kedua pembicara berbicara lebih dari satu kali. Setiap percakapan diikuti oleh satu butir pertanyaan denganpilihan jawaban A,B,C dan D. Anda dipersilakan mengeklik pilihan jawaban yang paling tepat, sesuai denganisi percakapannya.
Bagian B
Pada bagian ini, anda akan mendengarkan beberapa percakapan dan pembicaraan yang lebih panjang, masing-masing diikuti oleh beberapa butir pertanyaan. Percakapan dan pembicaraan-pembicaraan tersebut masing-masing hanya akan diperdengarkan satu kali (tidak akan di ulang). Isi percakapan dan pembicaraan menyangkut berbagai topik, dan tidak memerlukan pengetahuan khusus dari anda untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang akan diajukan. Yang terpenting, anda dapat menjawab dengan tepat sesuai dengan percakapan atau pembicaraan yang terkait. Sebagian besar soal-soal pertanyaan harus danda jawab dengan mengeklik pada pilihan yang paling tepat dari 4 pilihan jawaban yang disediakan, sedangkan untuk beberapa butir soal lainnya, ada petunjuk khusus yang akan tampil didalam box layar monitor anda.
Kelompok Kedua (Section 2)
2. Structure
kelompok soal ini terdiri atas duabentuk soal yang disajikan secara berselang-selang. Bentuk atau tipe pertama berupa kalimat-kalimat tak lengkapyang harus disempurnakan dengan salah satu dari 4 pilihan kata atau frasa dalam pilihan ganda A,B,C atau D. Anda harus mengeklik pada lingkaran oval didepan pilihan yang paling benar tersebut hingga lingkaran itu berwarna gelap. Kemudian lanjutkan mengeklik pada Nest dan Confirm Answer untuk menampilkan pertanyaan berikutnya.
Bentuk pertanyaan kedua berupa kalimat-kalimat yang masing-masing mempunya 4 kata atau frasa yang digarisbawahi dan ditandai dengan pilihan A,B,C dan D. Anda harus memilih satu, diantara 4 pilihan jawaban itu, yang tidak sesuai dengan kaidahbahasa inggris ragam baku (atau bagian yang keliru). Begitu anda mengeklik pada pilihan jawaban yang anda anggap paling tepat, maka bagian tersebut akan menjadi gelap. Selanjutnya anda dapat mengeklik pada Next dan Comfirm Answer untuk menampilkan butir pertanyaan berikut nya.
Kelompok Ketiga (Section 3)
3. Reading
Dalam kelompok soal ini, pertama-tama anda diberikesempatan untuk membaca teks bacaan. Gunakanlah scroll baruntukmelihat lanjutan teks bacaannya, gunakanlah ,ouse anda untuk mengeklik pada proceed, maka pertanyaan-pertanyaan mengenai teks bacaan tersebut akan muncul. Jawablah tiap-tiap butir soal berdasarkan apa yang tersurat maupun tersirat dalam teks bacaran terkait. Sebagian besar butir soal berupa pertanyaan dengan jawaban pilihan ganda (multiple choice). untuk menjawabnya, anda harus mengeklik pada butir-butir pilihan yang terdapat disebelah bawah pertanyaan. Untuk sejumlah pertanyaan khusus lainnya, harus mengeklik pada sebuah kata atau frasa, pada sebuah kalimat, atau pada sebuah lambang berbentuk kotak segi empat (square) untuk menambahkan sebuah kalimat didalam teks bacaan sesuai dengan petunjuk yang diberikan.
1. Listening
Bagian A
Pada kelompok soal bagian A, anda akan mendengar percakapan-percakapan pendek antara dua orang pembicara. Pada beberapa percakapan setiap pembicara hanya berbicara satu kali, sementara pada percakapan-percakapan yang lain salah satu kedua pembicara berbicara lebih dari satu kali. Setiap percakapan diikuti oleh satu butir pertanyaan denganpilihan jawaban A,B,C dan D. Anda dipersilakan mengeklik pilihan jawaban yang paling tepat, sesuai denganisi percakapannya.
Bagian B
Pada bagian ini, anda akan mendengarkan beberapa percakapan dan pembicaraan yang lebih panjang, masing-masing diikuti oleh beberapa butir pertanyaan. Percakapan dan pembicaraan-pembicaraan tersebut masing-masing hanya akan diperdengarkan satu kali (tidak akan di ulang). Isi percakapan dan pembicaraan menyangkut berbagai topik, dan tidak memerlukan pengetahuan khusus dari anda untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang akan diajukan. Yang terpenting, anda dapat menjawab dengan tepat sesuai dengan percakapan atau pembicaraan yang terkait. Sebagian besar soal-soal pertanyaan harus danda jawab dengan mengeklik pada pilihan yang paling tepat dari 4 pilihan jawaban yang disediakan, sedangkan untuk beberapa butir soal lainnya, ada petunjuk khusus yang akan tampil didalam box layar monitor anda.
Kelompok Kedua (Section 2)
2. Structure
kelompok soal ini terdiri atas duabentuk soal yang disajikan secara berselang-selang. Bentuk atau tipe pertama berupa kalimat-kalimat tak lengkapyang harus disempurnakan dengan salah satu dari 4 pilihan kata atau frasa dalam pilihan ganda A,B,C atau D. Anda harus mengeklik pada lingkaran oval didepan pilihan yang paling benar tersebut hingga lingkaran itu berwarna gelap. Kemudian lanjutkan mengeklik pada Nest dan Confirm Answer untuk menampilkan pertanyaan berikutnya.
Bentuk pertanyaan kedua berupa kalimat-kalimat yang masing-masing mempunya 4 kata atau frasa yang digarisbawahi dan ditandai dengan pilihan A,B,C dan D. Anda harus memilih satu, diantara 4 pilihan jawaban itu, yang tidak sesuai dengan kaidahbahasa inggris ragam baku (atau bagian yang keliru). Begitu anda mengeklik pada pilihan jawaban yang anda anggap paling tepat, maka bagian tersebut akan menjadi gelap. Selanjutnya anda dapat mengeklik pada Next dan Comfirm Answer untuk menampilkan butir pertanyaan berikut nya.
Kelompok Ketiga (Section 3)
3. Reading
Dalam kelompok soal ini, pertama-tama anda diberikesempatan untuk membaca teks bacaan. Gunakanlah scroll baruntukmelihat lanjutan teks bacaannya, gunakanlah ,ouse anda untuk mengeklik pada proceed, maka pertanyaan-pertanyaan mengenai teks bacaan tersebut akan muncul. Jawablah tiap-tiap butir soal berdasarkan apa yang tersurat maupun tersirat dalam teks bacaran terkait. Sebagian besar butir soal berupa pertanyaan dengan jawaban pilihan ganda (multiple choice). untuk menjawabnya, anda harus mengeklik pada butir-butir pilihan yang terdapat disebelah bawah pertanyaan. Untuk sejumlah pertanyaan khusus lainnya, harus mengeklik pada sebuah kata atau frasa, pada sebuah kalimat, atau pada sebuah lambang berbentuk kotak segi empat (square) untuk menambahkan sebuah kalimat didalam teks bacaan sesuai dengan petunjuk yang diberikan.
Arti perintah-perintah Mengerjakan Soal TOEFL
Salah satu trik untuk menghemat waktu dalam mengerjakan ujian TOEFL adalah dengan mengetahui dan memahami perintah-perintah atau petunjuk-petunjuk pengerjaan soalnya (directions). Khusus bagi para pemula yang hendak mengikuti tes TOEFL, akan sangat bijaksana bila dapat menyempatkan diri untuk berkonsultasi dengan sesama rekan mahasiswa, teman-teman sekantor, dan mereka yang pernah mengikuti tes tersebut sebelumnya. Bab ini pun didedikasikan untuk para pemula yang belum pernah mengikuti tes TOEFL.
A. TOEFL Kertas dan Pensil (PBT)
Kelompok PERTAMA (Section 1)
1. Listening Comprehension (50 butir soal, waktu : 30 menit)
Bagian A
Pada soal bagian A ini, Anda akan mendengarkan percakapan-percakapan pendek antara dua pembicara (lewat headphone atau loud speaker) dan setiap percakapan akan disusul dengan suara orang ketiga yang menanyakan tentang isi percakapan tersebut. Baik percakapan maupun pertanyaannya hanya akan diperdengarkan satu kali. Begitu percakapan dan pertanyaan telah anda dengar, maka Anda harus segera membaca 4 pilihan jawaban pada lembar anda. Pilihlah pilihan yang paling sesuai dengan isi percakapan, yaitu A,B,C atau D, lalu nyatakanlah pilihan tersebut pada lembar jawaban dengan cara menghitamkan lingkaran pilihan anda memakai pensil yang telah ditentukan oleh panita.
Dalam buku-buku panduan TOEFL yang banyak dijumpai dipasaran, redaksi menggunakan kalimat-kalimat petunjuk mengerjakan soal TOEFL yang bervariasi namun isi dan maksud nya sama. Berikut adalah saduran atau adaptasi dari petunjuk-petunjuk mengerjakan soal TOEFL (directions) dalam salah satu dari buku-buku panduan TOEFL berbahasa inggris yang banyak beredar dipasaran.
A. TOEFL Kertas dan Pensil (PBT)
Kelompok PERTAMA (Section 1)
1. Listening Comprehension (50 butir soal, waktu : 30 menit)
Bagian A
Pada soal bagian A ini, Anda akan mendengarkan percakapan-percakapan pendek antara dua pembicara (lewat headphone atau loud speaker) dan setiap percakapan akan disusul dengan suara orang ketiga yang menanyakan tentang isi percakapan tersebut. Baik percakapan maupun pertanyaannya hanya akan diperdengarkan satu kali. Begitu percakapan dan pertanyaan telah anda dengar, maka Anda harus segera membaca 4 pilihan jawaban pada lembar anda. Pilihlah pilihan yang paling sesuai dengan isi percakapan, yaitu A,B,C atau D, lalu nyatakanlah pilihan tersebut pada lembar jawaban dengan cara menghitamkan lingkaran pilihan anda memakai pensil yang telah ditentukan oleh panita.
TOEFL dengan Internet atau Internet-based TOEFL ( IBT )
Jenis ujian TOEFL yang paling baru ini memiliki tata cara pengurutan kelompok soal yang sama sekali berbeda dengan kedua bersi ujian TOEFL telah muncul sebelumnya. Urutan kelompok soal-soal dalam ujian TOEFL IBT adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Reading Section
2. Listening Section
3. Speaking Section
4. Writing Section
Untuk kelompok soal yang memahami bacaan atau Reading Section yang berformat pendek, peserta akan menghadapi tiga teks bacaan yang masing-masing diikuti antara 12 hingga 14 soal-soal pertanyaan, sementara pada soal-soal berformat panjang jumlah teks bacaannya adalah lima buah dan masing-masing teks juga diikuti antara 12 hingga 14 pertanyaan.
1. Reading Section
2. Listening Section
3. Speaking Section
4. Writing Section
Untuk kelompok soal yang memahami bacaan atau Reading Section yang berformat pendek, peserta akan menghadapi tiga teks bacaan yang masing-masing diikuti antara 12 hingga 14 soal-soal pertanyaan, sementara pada soal-soal berformat panjang jumlah teks bacaannya adalah lima buah dan masing-masing teks juga diikuti antara 12 hingga 14 pertanyaan.
Senin, 28 November 2011
TOEFL dengan Komputer atau Computer -based TOEFL ( CBT )
Mulai tahun 1990-an, mulai marak dijumpai penyelenggaraan ujian TOEFL yang menggunakan komputer atau Computer-based TOEFL ( CBT ). Pada dasarnya, ujian TOEFL model ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan TOEFL versi yang terdahulu yang menggunakan pensil dan kertas (PBT).
Perbedaan yang paling mencolok hanyalah pada teknis atau metode mengerjakan kelompok soal structure yang ditampilkan dengan teknis penyajian yang agak canggih melalui layar komputer. Pada kelompok soal reading atau bacaan model CBT, peserta juga dapat memilih lebih dari satu jawaban dengan cara mengeklik kata tertentu atau menambahkan suatu kalimat dalam teks bacaan. Pada kelompok soal menyimak atau Listening Comprehension juga terdapat sedikit perbedaan, yaitu terdapat soal-soal pilihan ganda dengan dua jawaban yang benar pada pilihan-pilihan yang tersedia, selain soal-soal biasa dengan 4 pilihan jawaban tentunya. Soal-soal dengan 2 pilihan jawaban yang benar ini biasanya ditandai dengan petunjuk " Click on 2 answers." Berikut adalah tata urutan soal- soal pada ujian TOEFL model komputer atau CBT.
1. Kelompok Pertama atau Section 1 ( Listening )
Perbedaan yang paling mencolok hanyalah pada teknis atau metode mengerjakan kelompok soal structure yang ditampilkan dengan teknis penyajian yang agak canggih melalui layar komputer. Pada kelompok soal reading atau bacaan model CBT, peserta juga dapat memilih lebih dari satu jawaban dengan cara mengeklik kata tertentu atau menambahkan suatu kalimat dalam teks bacaan. Pada kelompok soal menyimak atau Listening Comprehension juga terdapat sedikit perbedaan, yaitu terdapat soal-soal pilihan ganda dengan dua jawaban yang benar pada pilihan-pilihan yang tersedia, selain soal-soal biasa dengan 4 pilihan jawaban tentunya. Soal-soal dengan 2 pilihan jawaban yang benar ini biasanya ditandai dengan petunjuk " Click on 2 answers." Berikut adalah tata urutan soal- soal pada ujian TOEFL model komputer atau CBT.
1. Kelompok Pertama atau Section 1 ( Listening )
Minggu, 27 November 2011
TOEFL dengan Kertas dan Pensil atau Paper-based TOEFL (PBT).
Di awal kemunculannya pada tahun 1963, TOEFL jenis ini diawali dengan kelompok soal Listening Comprehension dengan alokasi waktu 30 menit. Sebelum menjawab pertanyaan, para peserta akan diminta untuk mendengarkan pembacaan sebuah kalimat yang di putar menggunakan kaset rekaman, kemudian peserta diminta untuk memilih 1 dari 4 pilihan pertanyaan yang isi nya sama dengan kalimat yang telah diperdengarkan tadi.
Sekarang, model soal seperti ini sudah tidak dipakai lagi. Hal lain yang membedakan antara soal-soal TOEFL PBT model sekarang dengan soal-soal TOEFL PBT model dahulu adalah penggabungan soal-soal dalam Reading Section. Selain itu, pada soal TOEFL PBT, terdapat pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang harus dijawab berdasarkan sebuah kalimat dengan 4 pilihan pernyataan yang mengandung makna yang serupa dengan kalimat tersebut. Jenis soal model ini bentuk nya hampir mirip dengan pertanyaan pada bagian paling awal dalam kelompok soal Listening model lama. Selanjutnya, tata urutan kelompok-kelompok soal dalam TOEFL biasa (PBT) yang masih digunakan hingga sekarang adalah sebagai berikut.
Sekarang, model soal seperti ini sudah tidak dipakai lagi. Hal lain yang membedakan antara soal-soal TOEFL PBT model sekarang dengan soal-soal TOEFL PBT model dahulu adalah penggabungan soal-soal dalam Reading Section. Selain itu, pada soal TOEFL PBT, terdapat pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang harus dijawab berdasarkan sebuah kalimat dengan 4 pilihan pernyataan yang mengandung makna yang serupa dengan kalimat tersebut. Jenis soal model ini bentuk nya hampir mirip dengan pertanyaan pada bagian paling awal dalam kelompok soal Listening model lama. Selanjutnya, tata urutan kelompok-kelompok soal dalam TOEFL biasa (PBT) yang masih digunakan hingga sekarang adalah sebagai berikut.
Kamis, 10 November 2011
TOEFL Introduction
TOEFL atau Test of English as a Foreign Language merupakan salah satu alat ukur kemampuan bahasa Inggris ragam baku yang sering digunakan untuk melakukan seleksi terhadap calon-calon mahasiswa tingkat lanjut (S2 atau S3) baik didalam maupun untuk studi lanjut keluar negeri, perekrutan tenaga-tenaga akademik, dan penerimaan pegawai kantor pemerintah atau swasta. Jenis tes ini muncul pertama kali pada tahun 1963di Amerika Serikat dibawah pengawasan suatu lembaga bernama “Modern Language Association”.
Jika kita simak secara umum, maka perbedaan-perbedaan model TOEFL dari yang paling awal hingga paling mutakhir adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Dalam TOEFL biasa (kertas dan pensil), model yang paling lama, pada kelompok soal Listening, ada butir-butir soal yang pertanyaan nya didasarkan pada ucapan sebuah kalimat (bukan suatu percakapan). Pada TOEFL biasa model sekarang, model soal tersebut telah dihilangkan dan langsung pada pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berdasar pada percakapan- percakapan antara dua orang, biasanya pria dan wanita. Selain itu, kelompok soal kemampuan membaca (Reading) pada TOEFL lama, soal-soal mengenai kosakata atau vocabulary disendirikan. Pada TOEFL biasa sekarang, soal-soal tersebut diberikan secara selang-seling dalam bentuk beberapa pertanyaan mengenai isi teks bacaan. Perbedaan lain yang terdapat pada kelompok Reading adalah ditiadakannya bagian soal terakhir yang berupa kalimat-kalimat (bukan teks bacaan) yang diikuti pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang isinya serupa dengan kalimat soalnya. Jadi, soal ini mirip dengan bagian kelompok soal Listening yang juga berupa kalimat-kalimat diikuti pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas.
Menurut Dokter Pamela Sharpe, yang telah berpengalaman menuyusun buku-buku model tes TOEFL selama puluhan tahun, dalam kurun waktu atara 1980 hingga 1990-an, setiap tahun ada sekitar 380 ribu siswa dari 140 negara mengikuti tes TOEFL, baik di Amerika Serikat maupun di negara mereka masing-masing. TOEFL sering di kritik karena hampir seluruh tes berbentuk objektif, sehingga kemampuan kognitif saja yang di uji, sementara keterampilan motorik tidak begitu diutamakan. Oleh karena itu, pada edisi-edisi TOEFL yang lebih baru terdapat kelompok soal mengarang (writing). Bahkan pada jenis TOEFL yang paling akhir – Next Generation TOEFL atau Internet Based TOEFL – selain ada kelompok soal wajib mengarang (writing), juga ada kelompok soal kemampuan berbicara (Speaking). Hal ini dapat dilakukan berkat kemajuan sarana yang modern dan canggih.
Jika kita simak secara umum, maka perbedaan-perbedaan model TOEFL dari yang paling awal hingga paling mutakhir adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Dalam TOEFL biasa (kertas dan pensil), model yang paling lama, pada kelompok soal Listening, ada butir-butir soal yang pertanyaan nya didasarkan pada ucapan sebuah kalimat (bukan suatu percakapan). Pada TOEFL biasa model sekarang, model soal tersebut telah dihilangkan dan langsung pada pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berdasar pada percakapan- percakapan antara dua orang, biasanya pria dan wanita. Selain itu, kelompok soal kemampuan membaca (Reading) pada TOEFL lama, soal-soal mengenai kosakata atau vocabulary disendirikan. Pada TOEFL biasa sekarang, soal-soal tersebut diberikan secara selang-seling dalam bentuk beberapa pertanyaan mengenai isi teks bacaan. Perbedaan lain yang terdapat pada kelompok Reading adalah ditiadakannya bagian soal terakhir yang berupa kalimat-kalimat (bukan teks bacaan) yang diikuti pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang isinya serupa dengan kalimat soalnya. Jadi, soal ini mirip dengan bagian kelompok soal Listening yang juga berupa kalimat-kalimat diikuti pertanyaan-pertanyaan seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas.
Kesalahan Kata Kerja dalam TOEFL
Kesalahan Kata Kerja dalam TOEFL
Kata-kata kerja yang ejaannya serupa atau mirip juga sering dijumpai dalam butir-butir soal TOEFL. Misal:
1. (A). He raises hishan. (raises=mengangkat)
(B). The sun rises in the east. (rises= terbit)
2. (A) Don’t lie down here. (lie=berbaring)
(B) Please don’t lie to me. (lie=berdusta)
(C) Where did you lay your bag ?(lay = meletakkan)
3. (A) How does she feel today ? (feel = merasa)
(B) He fell down from the tree. (fell=jatuh)
(C) Who felled the tree behind our house ? (felled = menebang )
4. (A) Have they found the villange ? (found = menemukan, dari : to find)
(B) Have they founded the building ? (founded =mendirikan, dari : found)
Kata-kata kerja yang ejaannya serupa atau mirip juga sering dijumpai dalam butir-butir soal TOEFL. Misal:
1. (A). He raises hishan. (raises=mengangkat)
(B). The sun rises in the east. (rises= terbit)
2. (A) Don’t lie down here. (lie=berbaring)
(B) Please don’t lie to me. (lie=berdusta)
(C) Where did you lay your bag ?(lay = meletakkan)
3. (A) How does she feel today ? (feel = merasa)
(B) He fell down from the tree. (fell=jatuh)
(C) Who felled the tree behind our house ? (felled = menebang )
4. (A) Have they found the villange ? (found = menemukan, dari : to find)
(B) Have they founded the building ? (founded =mendirikan, dari : found)
Penggunaan “other, the other, another, others, each other”
Penggunaan “other, the other, another, others, each other”
1. Other diikuti kata benda yang dapat dihitung dalam bentuk jamak.
Misal : Maybe other people will agree with you.
2.Theotherdapat diikuti benda tunggal maupun jamak, dan juga benda yangtidak dapat dihitung (uncountable). Misal :
3.Another selalu diikuti benda dapat dihitung berbentuk tunggal. Misal :
a. I promise to give you another watch
b. Will you have another cup of tea ?
4. Others ( yang lain-lain, pihak-pihak lain) dipakai untuk menggantikata yang mewakili orang atau benda yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu. Misal :
a. We must be happy with the happiness of others.
b. It’s our duty to help others.
5. Each other untuk menyatakan “satu sama lain atau saling”.
Misal : They are afraid of each other. (mereka merasa takut satu sama lain ).
6.Ungkapan the other day untuk menyatakan hal yang baru-baru ini atau belum lama berselang terjadi.
Misal : The other day I saw him near the post office.
Catatan : Dalam bahasa Inggris tidak ada kata other’s, another’s dan anothers.
1. Other diikuti kata benda yang dapat dihitung dalam bentuk jamak.
Misal : Maybe other people will agree with you.
2.Theotherdapat diikuti benda tunggal maupun jamak, dan juga benda yangtidak dapat dihitung (uncountable). Misal :
- Please get me the other novel.
- Do you see the other farmers ?
- I need theother oil, notthis one.
3.Another selalu diikuti benda dapat dihitung berbentuk tunggal. Misal :
a. I promise to give you another watch
b. Will you have another cup of tea ?
4. Others ( yang lain-lain, pihak-pihak lain) dipakai untuk menggantikata yang mewakili orang atau benda yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu. Misal :
a. We must be happy with the happiness of others.
b. It’s our duty to help others.
5. Each other untuk menyatakan “satu sama lain atau saling”.
Misal : They are afraid of each other. (mereka merasa takut satu sama lain ).
6.Ungkapan the other day untuk menyatakan hal yang baru-baru ini atau belum lama berselang terjadi.
Misal : The other day I saw him near the post office.
Catatan : Dalam bahasa Inggris tidak ada kata other’s, another’s dan anothers.
Penggunaan “one of “
Penggunaan “one of “
Kata one of (salah satu dari) harus selalu diikuti kata benda jamak (dua atau lebih). Namun, kata one of itu sendiri mengandung makna tunggal. Misal :
Kata one of (salah satu dari) harus selalu diikuti kata benda jamak (dua atau lebih). Namun, kata one of itu sendiri mengandung makna tunggal. Misal :
- One of the boys is my son. (bukan “are”)
- One of those girls has very beautiful voice. (bukan “have”)
- Do you know one of the children who often comes here ? (bukan “come”)
- One of the students who broke the window pane was punished. (bukan “were”)
Kata Sifat ( Adjective )
Kata Sifat (Adjective)
Kata sifat atau adjective dapat dipakai sebagai penjelas kata benda yang didampinginya (attributive adjective) dan juga sebagai predikat kalimat (predicative adjective). Misal :
P. Determiners
Penggunaan kata many, much, a lot of, a great deal of, plenty of, a few, a little, some, dan any.
Contoh :
Kata sifat atau adjective dapat dipakai sebagai penjelas kata benda yang didampinginya (attributive adjective) dan juga sebagai predikat kalimat (predicative adjective). Misal :
- They have just bought a very big house. (attributiveadjective)
- Their house is very, very big. (predicative)
P. Determiners
Penggunaan kata many, much, a lot of, a great deal of, plenty of, a few, a little, some, dan any.
Contoh :
- Dewi has many friens. (many + benda dapat dihitung)
- Dewi has much sugar.(much + benda tak dapat dihitung)
- Ari bought a lot of pencils. ( a lot of + benda dapat dihitung)
- Ari bought a lot of coffee. (a lot of + benda tak dapat dihitung )
- We have a great deal of books. (a great deal of +benda dapat dihitung )
- We have a great deal of rice. (a great deal of + benda tak dapat dihitung)
- They keep plenty of novels .( plenty of + benda dapat dihitung)
- They need plenty of water. (plenty of + benda tak dapat dihitung )
- I saw a few children in the street. (a few + benda dapat dihitung )
- Mother needs a littlesalt. (a little + benda tak dapat dihitung )
Noun Phrase
Frasa kata benda (Noun Phrase )
Frasa kata benda adalah sekelompok kata dengan kata yang paling belakang sebuah kata benda (Pyle, 1995 : 44)
1. Pembentukan frasa kata benda biasa mengikuti kaidah M-H (modifier-head), kecuali untuk kata-kata tertentu,d an jikadigunakan kata 0f. Misal :
Water cannon, green house, three children, waynot, book one, room four, key of the door, glass of milk, dan north of Boston.
(leech, 1979 : 251 )
2. Kata kerja + ing dapat menjadi modifier maupun headdalamfrasa benda. Misal :
a. Waiting room = ruang tunggu
Washing machine = mesin cuci
Frying pan = panci untukmenggoreng
Reading material = bahan bacaan
b. Letter writing = surat-menyurat
Town planning = perencanaan kota
Sunbathing = mandi matahari
Story telling = pengisahan cerita
Frasa kata benda adalah sekelompok kata dengan kata yang paling belakang sebuah kata benda (Pyle, 1995 : 44)
1. Pembentukan frasa kata benda biasa mengikuti kaidah M-H (modifier-head), kecuali untuk kata-kata tertentu,d an jikadigunakan kata 0f. Misal :
Water cannon, green house, three children, waynot, book one, room four, key of the door, glass of milk, dan north of Boston.
| Determiner | Premodifier | Head | Post modifier |
| The | Tall | Boys | With long hair |
(leech, 1979 : 251 )
2. Kata kerja + ing dapat menjadi modifier maupun headdalamfrasa benda. Misal :
a. Waiting room = ruang tunggu
Washing machine = mesin cuci
Frying pan = panci untukmenggoreng
Reading material = bahan bacaan
b. Letter writing = surat-menyurat
Town planning = perencanaan kota
Sunbathing = mandi matahari
Story telling = pengisahan cerita
Adverb
Kata Keterangan (adverv)
Kata keterangan atau Adverd berfungsi memberi keterangan pada kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective) atau kata keterangan yang lain (another verb).
Beberapa aturan yang berlaku dalam penggunaan Adverb :
1. Kata keterangan yang menunjukkan kekerapan (frequency adverbs) mempunyai jenjang urutan sebagai berikut :
Always = selalu (100%)
Usually = biasanya
Often = kerap kali
Sometimes = kadang-kadang
Seldom = jarang
Rarely = jarang
Never = tak pernah (0%)
2. Posisi kata-kata keternagan dapat berada ditengah-tengah kalimat (mid-sentence adverb), diawal atau di akhir kalimat.
Misal : a. I sometimes get up at 5.30
b. SometimesI get up at 5.30
c. I get up 5.30 sometimes
3. Dalam kalimat positif yang menggunakan Simple Present Tense dan Siple Past Tense, kata-kata keterangan berada didepan kata kerjanya.
Misal : a. He always comes to class
b. She finally finished her work.
4. Jika ada bentuk be dalam Simple Present Tense dan Simple Past Tense, maka kata-kata keterangan berada langsung dibelakang be.
Misal : a. They are always on time for class
b. He was probably at home last night.
5. Dalam kalimat tanya, kata keterangan berada langsung dibelakang subjek.
Misal : a. Did Tom finally finish his work ?
b. Is she usually on time for class ?
6. Dalam kalimat negative, kata keterangan umumnya berada didepan kata kerja negatif, kecuali kata always dan ever.
Misal : a. She usually doesn’t eatbreakfast.
b. I probably won’t go to the meeting.
7. Kata alwaysdan everberada dibelakang ata kerja bantu negatif.
Misal : She does not always do her home work.
8. Adverb juga dapat memberi keterangan pada sebuah determiner dan kata ganti (pronoun).
Misal : a. He has hardly any friends
b. Nearly everybody came to the party
9. Adverb yang memberi keterangan pada sebuah benda disebutkan setelahnya. Misalnya : a. He told such a funny story
b. It is quite an easy job.
10. Adverb yang memberi keterangan pada kata benda yang disebutkan sebelumnya. Misalnya : a. Look at the sentence below
b. Did you attend the meeting yesterday ?
11. Adverv memberi keterangan pada frasa kata depan (prepositional phrase ). Misal : a. The nail went right through the wall
b. He went straight to Rome without staying in Paris.
12. Beberapa kata keterangan yang menunjukkan tempat dan waktu dapat berperan pelengkap kata depan (complement of preposition). Misal :
a. Is anybody at home ?
b. I haven’t seen him since yesterday.
(Leech, 1979 : 203 )
Kata keterangan atau Adverd berfungsi memberi keterangan pada kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective) atau kata keterangan yang lain (another verb).
Beberapa aturan yang berlaku dalam penggunaan Adverb :
1. Kata keterangan yang menunjukkan kekerapan (frequency adverbs) mempunyai jenjang urutan sebagai berikut :
Always = selalu (100%)
Usually = biasanya
Often = kerap kali
Sometimes = kadang-kadang
Seldom = jarang
Rarely = jarang
Never = tak pernah (0%)
2. Posisi kata-kata keternagan dapat berada ditengah-tengah kalimat (mid-sentence adverb), diawal atau di akhir kalimat.
Misal : a. I sometimes get up at 5.30
b. SometimesI get up at 5.30
c. I get up 5.30 sometimes
3. Dalam kalimat positif yang menggunakan Simple Present Tense dan Siple Past Tense, kata-kata keterangan berada didepan kata kerjanya.
Misal : a. He always comes to class
b. She finally finished her work.
4. Jika ada bentuk be dalam Simple Present Tense dan Simple Past Tense, maka kata-kata keterangan berada langsung dibelakang be.
Misal : a. They are always on time for class
b. He was probably at home last night.
5. Dalam kalimat tanya, kata keterangan berada langsung dibelakang subjek.
Misal : a. Did Tom finally finish his work ?
b. Is she usually on time for class ?
6. Dalam kalimat negative, kata keterangan umumnya berada didepan kata kerja negatif, kecuali kata always dan ever.
Misal : a. She usually doesn’t eatbreakfast.
b. I probably won’t go to the meeting.
7. Kata alwaysdan everberada dibelakang ata kerja bantu negatif.
Misal : She does not always do her home work.
8. Adverb juga dapat memberi keterangan pada sebuah determiner dan kata ganti (pronoun).
Misal : a. He has hardly any friends
b. Nearly everybody came to the party
9. Adverb yang memberi keterangan pada sebuah benda disebutkan setelahnya. Misalnya : a. He told such a funny story
b. It is quite an easy job.
10. Adverb yang memberi keterangan pada kata benda yang disebutkan sebelumnya. Misalnya : a. Look at the sentence below
b. Did you attend the meeting yesterday ?
11. Adverv memberi keterangan pada frasa kata depan (prepositional phrase ). Misal : a. The nail went right through the wall
b. He went straight to Rome without staying in Paris.
12. Beberapa kata keterangan yang menunjukkan tempat dan waktu dapat berperan pelengkap kata depan (complement of preposition). Misal :
a. Is anybody at home ?
b. I haven’t seen him since yesterday.
(Leech, 1979 : 203 )
Degrees of Comparisson
Degrees of Comparisson
Tingkat-tingkat perbandingan atau degrees of comparisson menggunakan peraturan sebagai berikut dalam pemakaiannya :
1. Dengan menambahkan er atau eat untuk tingkat”lebih” dan tingkat “paling”, apabila :
- Hanya terdiri dari satu suku kata , misalnya :
Panjang : long-longer-longest
Lemah : weak-weaker-weakest
- Terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhir pada y,ly,-er,-ow dan some.misalnya :
Sibuk : busy- busier- busiest
Suci : holy-holier-holiest
Awal : early – earlier – earliest
Pandai : Clever – clevere – cleverest
Sempit : narrow – narrower – narrowest
Tampan: handsome – handsomer – handsomest
2. Untuk kata-kata yang teridir dari atas dua suku kata lainnya dan tida suku kata atau lebih, digunakan kata more, dan most didepan kata sifat tersebut. Misal :
Modern : modern – more modern - most modern
Mahal : expensive – more expensive - most expensive
Bebas : independent – more independent - most independent
Memuaskan : satisfactory – more satisfactory – most satisfactory
3. Mempunyai bentuk sendiri untuk tingkat “lebih “ dan tingkat “paling” (irregular degrees of comparison), yaitu :
Baik : good – better – best
Sehat : well – better – best
Jelek : bad – worse – worst
Sakit : ill – worse – worst
Banyak : many – more - most
Banyak : much – more – most
Jauh : far – farther – farthest
Lanjut : far – further – furthest
Contoh untuk “jauh” dan “lanjut” :
Jakarta is farther than bandung
Please give us further information
4. Untuk kata-kata keterangan (adverb), peraturan tingkat-tingkat perbandingannya sama dengan yang beraku pada tingkat perbandingan untuk kata sifat (adjective), dengan perkecualian untuk yang irregular degrees of comparison sebagai berikut :
Well – better – best
Badly – worse – worst
Much – more – most
Far – further – furthest/farther – farthest
Contoh :
Tingkat-tingkat perbandingan atau degrees of comparisson menggunakan peraturan sebagai berikut dalam pemakaiannya :
1. Dengan menambahkan er atau eat untuk tingkat”lebih” dan tingkat “paling”, apabila :
- Hanya terdiri dari satu suku kata , misalnya :
Panjang : long-longer-longest
Lemah : weak-weaker-weakest
- Terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhir pada y,ly,-er,-ow dan some.misalnya :
Sibuk : busy- busier- busiest
Suci : holy-holier-holiest
Awal : early – earlier – earliest
Pandai : Clever – clevere – cleverest
Sempit : narrow – narrower – narrowest
Tampan: handsome – handsomer – handsomest
2. Untuk kata-kata yang teridir dari atas dua suku kata lainnya dan tida suku kata atau lebih, digunakan kata more, dan most didepan kata sifat tersebut. Misal :
Modern : modern – more modern - most modern
Mahal : expensive – more expensive - most expensive
Bebas : independent – more independent - most independent
Memuaskan : satisfactory – more satisfactory – most satisfactory
3. Mempunyai bentuk sendiri untuk tingkat “lebih “ dan tingkat “paling” (irregular degrees of comparison), yaitu :
Baik : good – better – best
Sehat : well – better – best
Jelek : bad – worse – worst
Sakit : ill – worse – worst
Banyak : many – more - most
Banyak : much – more – most
Jauh : far – farther – farthest
Lanjut : far – further – furthest
Contoh untuk “jauh” dan “lanjut” :
Jakarta is farther than bandung
Please give us further information
4. Untuk kata-kata keterangan (adverb), peraturan tingkat-tingkat perbandingannya sama dengan yang beraku pada tingkat perbandingan untuk kata sifat (adjective), dengan perkecualian untuk yang irregular degrees of comparison sebagai berikut :
Well – better – best
Badly – worse – worst
Much – more – most
Far – further – furthest/farther – farthest
Contoh :
- He speaks Japanese better than his sister. (dari “well”)
- Do they behave worse than their neighbours ? (dari “badly”)
- What is troubling you most ? (dari “much”)
- You can go further into the matter (dari “far”)
- Please run farther than you did yesterday. (dari “far”)
Correlative
Correlative
1. Dalam kalimat yang memakai pasangan kata either.. or dan neither..not, yang menjadi penentu untuk kata kerjanya adalah kata benda yang di belakang.
Misal :
Either you or anyone else has the right to answer
Either John or I like the music.
Neither the children nor Betty is in the room.
Neither Jim nor his brothers speak Frech.
2. Kata both berarti kedua-duanya. Jadi, kata kerja yang mengikuti berlaku untuk subjek jamak.
Misal : Both restaurants are good
Both Tom and Jerry were late.
Kata both dapat diikuti of tetapi harus dengan the, these, those, my, his dan sebagainya.
Misal :
Both of the restaurants are good
Both of these dictionaries are mine
Both of his friend live in this town
3. Dalam sebuah kalimat yang diikuti ungkapan “demikian juga”, digunakan and so dengan Auxiliary Verb didepan subjek.
Misal : Sue likes milk, and so does Tom.
Tetapi, jika kalimat utamanya berbentuk negatif, maka yang dipakai adalah neither.
Misal : Mary doesn’t like milk, and neither does John.
4. Kata or else dipakai dalam pengertian “jika tidak” seperti unless dan otherwise”
Misal :
5.Kalimat yang menggunakan ungkapan not only biasanya berpasangan dengan ungkapan penambahan (expression of addtion) but also.
Misal :
She’s not only a professional teacher, but also a first rate teacher.
1. Dalam kalimat yang memakai pasangan kata either.. or dan neither..not, yang menjadi penentu untuk kata kerjanya adalah kata benda yang di belakang.
Misal :
Either you or anyone else has the right to answer
Either John or I like the music.
Neither the children nor Betty is in the room.
Neither Jim nor his brothers speak Frech.
2. Kata both berarti kedua-duanya. Jadi, kata kerja yang mengikuti berlaku untuk subjek jamak.
Misal : Both restaurants are good
Both Tom and Jerry were late.
Kata both dapat diikuti of tetapi harus dengan the, these, those, my, his dan sebagainya.
Misal :
Both of the restaurants are good
Both of these dictionaries are mine
Both of his friend live in this town
3. Dalam sebuah kalimat yang diikuti ungkapan “demikian juga”, digunakan and so dengan Auxiliary Verb didepan subjek.
Misal : Sue likes milk, and so does Tom.
Tetapi, jika kalimat utamanya berbentuk negatif, maka yang dipakai adalah neither.
Misal : Mary doesn’t like milk, and neither does John.
4. Kata or else dipakai dalam pengertian “jika tidak” seperti unless dan otherwise”
Misal :
- You’d better put your coat on, or else you’ll catch a cold.
- Unless you put on your overcoat, you’ll catch a cold
- Wear an overcoat, otherwise you’ll catch a cold.
5.Kalimat yang menggunakan ungkapan not only biasanya berpasangan dengan ungkapan penambahan (expression of addtion) but also.
Misal :
She’s not only a professional teacher, but also a first rate teacher.
Question Word
Question Word
Kata-kata yang dimulai dengan wb-dan how dapat berfungsi sebagai kata tanya (question word) dan sebagai kata ganti penghubung (relative pronoun).
Contoh penggunaan kata tanya dengan wb-dan how :
Kata how much yang diikuti kata benda tak dapat dihitung artinya “berapa”. Tapi jika diikuti benda yang dapat dihitung artinya “berapakah harganya”.
Contoh :
How much oil do you still have ?
How much is the nice watch ?
Catatan : Kata-kata berikut termasuk kata benda yang tak dapat di hitung (uncountable noun) :
Sand Physics money homework
Soap mathematics measles economics
Air politics food meat
News information
(Pyle, 1995 : 45)
Kata-kata yang dimulai dengan wb-dan how dapat berfungsi sebagai kata tanya (question word) dan sebagai kata ganti penghubung (relative pronoun).
Contoh penggunaan kata tanya dengan wb-dan how :
- What is the boy’s favourite song ? (what = apa)
- What did you see last night? (What = apa yang)
- Who are your parents ? (who=siapa, sebagai objek)
- Whom did you call this morning? (whom = siapa, sebagai objek)
- Whose dictionary is this ? (whose = milik siapa)
- Which bag is yours ? (which = yang mana)
- When will she come here ? (when =kapan)
- Where do they live ? (where =dimana)
- Why do you look so happy? (why = mengapa, kenapa)
- How was he yesterday ? (how = bagaimana)
- How did they come here ? ( how = bagaimana)
- How many people were in the street ? (how many = berapa)
- How much money will you need ? ( how much = berapa)
- How long will they be in Singapore ? (how long = beraa lama )
Kata how much yang diikuti kata benda tak dapat dihitung artinya “berapa”. Tapi jika diikuti benda yang dapat dihitung artinya “berapakah harganya”.
Contoh :
How much oil do you still have ?
How much is the nice watch ?
Catatan : Kata-kata berikut termasuk kata benda yang tak dapat di hitung (uncountable noun) :
Sand Physics money homework
Soap mathematics measles economics
Air politics food meat
News information
(Pyle, 1995 : 45)
Modal Auxiliary
Modal Auxiliary
1. Modal auxiliary verb yang selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk asli (V1) :
Contoh :
2. Modal Auxiliary Verb yang diikuti V1, dengan to di depannya :
Contoh :
1. Modal auxiliary verb yang selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk asli (V1) :
Contoh :
- The dog can jump very high
- Dewi could helpyou solve the problem. (solve=memecahkan)
- Herman will stay here for two days
- Miss Jane would teach us Literature.
- You should submit your paper before Saturday.(submit=menyerahkan)
- She may come late. (may=boleh jadi)
- Indra might be in the next room. ( might= kemungkinan)
- Bob must leave his house soon.
- I had better study tonight
2. Modal Auxiliary Verb yang diikuti V1, dengan to di depannya :
Contoh :
- I have to study tonight
- I have got to study tonight
Pronoun
Pronoun
Daftar lengkap kata ganti (pronoun) bahasa Inggris dengan nama kelokmpoknya masing-masing.
(Leech, 1979 : 260)
Contoh :
Daftar lengkap kata ganti (pronoun) bahasa Inggris dengan nama kelokmpoknya masing-masing.
- Subjective case, sebagai subjek kalimat
- Possessive as determiner, menunjukkan kepunyaan diikuti bendanya.
- Possessive as pronoun, menunjukkan kepunyaan, tidak diikuti bendanya.
- Objective case, dipakai sebagai objek dalam kalimat, juga apabila didahului preposisi.
- Refexive pronoun, yaitu kata ganti mengenai diri sendiri.
(Leech, 1979 : 260)
| Subjective case | Possessive as Determiner | Possessive as pronoun | Objective case | Reflexive pronoun | |
| Saya, aku | I | My | Mine | Me | My self |
| Engkau,anda | You | Your | Yours | You | Yourself |
| Ia (lk) | He | His | His | Him | Himself |
| Ia (prp) | She | Her | Hers | Her | Herself |
| Ia (benda,binatang | It | Its | Its | It | Itself |
| Kami, kita | We | Our | Ours | Us | Ourselves |
| Kalian | You | Your | Yours | You | Yourselves |
| Mereka | They | Their | Theirs | Them | Themselves |
Contoh :
- This motorcycle is mine.(mine=kepunyaanku, tidak diikuti kata benda ).
- This is my motorcycle. (my=ku, milikku, diikuti kata benda).
- Is this umbrella yours?(yours=mu,milikmu,tidak diikuti kata benda)
- Is that your umbrella? (your= mu,milikmu diikuti kata benda).
- You must do it yourself. (yourself=kamu sendiri, mengacu pada satu orang ).
- You must do it yourselves.(yourselves=kalian sendiri, mengacu pada dua orang atau lebih).
- Let’s go and see him. (him=ia, laki-laki, sebagai objek).
- Is this his key? (his=nya, kepunyaannya, diikuti kata benda).
- Is that watch his ? (his=milik dia, tidak diikuti kata benda).
- Give us some paper.(us=kami,kita, sebagai objek).
- We can repair the car ourselves (ourselves=kamisendiri, kita sendiri).
- That house is ours( ours=milik kami, milik kita, tidak diikuti kata benda).
- This is our house, isn’t it ? (our=milik kami, milik kita, diikuti kata benda).
- Do you see their cats ? (their=milik mereka, diikuti kata benda )
- Are those cats their ? (their=milik mereka, tidak diikuti kata benda).
- Please let them open the door themselves. (them=mereka, sebagai objek; themselves=mereka sendiri).
Question Tag
Queation Tag
Question tag adalah akhiran tanya yang berarti “bukan?”. QT mempunya pola positif-negative dan negative-positif.
1. Khusus untuk kalimat positif yang menggunakan bentuk “be” dan subjek “I” dalam Simple Present Tense, jika diikuti question-tag, yang benar adalah : “aren’t I”.
Misal : I’m late, are’t I ?
2. Untuk kalimat-kalimat yang mangandung kata bermakna negatif seperti “hardly”, “scarcely”, makaQT-nya positif.
Misal : She scarcely seem to care, does she ?
We seldom see them nowdays, so we ?
3. Dalam kalimat perintah (imperative), maka QT-nyaadalah will you.
Misal : Pass me the sugar, will you?
4. Dalam kalimat perintah yang berisi permintaan keras, biasanya digunakan QT-can’t you.
Misal : Use your common sense, can’t you ?
5. Jika subjek kalimat berupa kata none of dan diikuti kata benda jamak, maka kata ganti dalam QT berbentuk plurar.
Misal : None of the workmen arrived on time, did they ?
6. Kalimat ajakan yang menggunakan kata let’s, maka QT-nya berupa shall we.
Misal : Les’t have a game of cricket, shall we ?
(sumber acuan : wood, 1982 : 143)
Question tag adalah akhiran tanya yang berarti “bukan?”. QT mempunya pola positif-negative dan negative-positif.
1. Khusus untuk kalimat positif yang menggunakan bentuk “be” dan subjek “I” dalam Simple Present Tense, jika diikuti question-tag, yang benar adalah : “aren’t I”.
Misal : I’m late, are’t I ?
2. Untuk kalimat-kalimat yang mangandung kata bermakna negatif seperti “hardly”, “scarcely”, makaQT-nya positif.
Misal : She scarcely seem to care, does she ?
We seldom see them nowdays, so we ?
3. Dalam kalimat perintah (imperative), maka QT-nyaadalah will you.
Misal : Pass me the sugar, will you?
4. Dalam kalimat perintah yang berisi permintaan keras, biasanya digunakan QT-can’t you.
Misal : Use your common sense, can’t you ?
5. Jika subjek kalimat berupa kata none of dan diikuti kata benda jamak, maka kata ganti dalam QT berbentuk plurar.
Misal : None of the workmen arrived on time, did they ?
6. Kalimat ajakan yang menggunakan kata let’s, maka QT-nya berupa shall we.
Misal : Les’t have a game of cricket, shall we ?
(sumber acuan : wood, 1982 : 143)
Relative Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
1. Kata who atau that dengan klausa yang tidak membatasisubjek dipakai dibelakang antecedent manusia
Misal : The man who lives next door is friendly
The man that lives next door is friendly
2. Jika atencedent-nya binatang atau benda, kata ganti penghubungnya adalah which atau that
Misal : Have you found the sky which you lost ?
Have you found the sky that you lost ?
Jika atencedent-nya binatang atau benda, kata ganti penghubungnya adalah which atau that
Misal : Have you found the sky which you lost ?
Have you found the sky that you lost ?
3. Whom, who, dan that yang berfungsi sebagai ovjek dari anak kalimat dapat dihilangkan
Misal :
The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.
The man who I wanted to see was away on holiday
The man that I wanted to see was away on holiday
The man I wanted to see was away on holiday
4. Kata whose dipakai dalam anak kalimat sebagai pengganti kata-ganti kepunyaan his, her, dan their
Misal :
I met someone whose brother I wnet to school with.
What’s the name of the girl whose dictionary you borrowed?
We saw some people whose car had broken down
5. Kata whom tak dapat diganti who dan tak t\dapat dihilangkan jikia didahului preposisi.
Misal :
The girl whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks
6. Kata ganti penghubung where dipakai jika anak kalimatnya berkaitan dengan tempat.
Misal : The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean
7. Kata ganti penghubung which juga munkin dipakai dengan preposisi didepannya.
Misal :
They have three cars, two of which they never use,
Fortunately we had a map, withoutwhich we would have got lost.
1. Kata who atau that dengan klausa yang tidak membatasisubjek dipakai dibelakang antecedent manusia
Misal : The man who lives next door is friendly
The man that lives next door is friendly
2. Jika atencedent-nya binatang atau benda, kata ganti penghubungnya adalah which atau that
Misal : Have you found the sky which you lost ?
Have you found the sky that you lost ?
Jika atencedent-nya binatang atau benda, kata ganti penghubungnya adalah which atau that
Misal : Have you found the sky which you lost ?
Have you found the sky that you lost ?
3. Whom, who, dan that yang berfungsi sebagai ovjek dari anak kalimat dapat dihilangkan
Misal :
The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.
The man who I wanted to see was away on holiday
The man that I wanted to see was away on holiday
The man I wanted to see was away on holiday
4. Kata whose dipakai dalam anak kalimat sebagai pengganti kata-ganti kepunyaan his, her, dan their
Misal :
I met someone whose brother I wnet to school with.
What’s the name of the girl whose dictionary you borrowed?
We saw some people whose car had broken down
5. Kata whom tak dapat diganti who dan tak t\dapat dihilangkan jikia didahului preposisi.
Misal :
The girl whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks
6. Kata ganti penghubung where dipakai jika anak kalimatnya berkaitan dengan tempat.
Misal : The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean
7. Kata ganti penghubung which juga munkin dipakai dengan preposisi didepannya.
Misal :
They have three cars, two of which they never use,
Fortunately we had a map, withoutwhich we would have got lost.
Subjunctive
Subjunctive
Menurut Leech dan Quirk ragam Subjunctive adalah sebagai berkut :
1. “were” subjunctive (terdapat dalam kalimat pengandaian tie II)
Contoh : If I were you, I would give him $50
Were she here now, we could get her advice
2. Conditional and contras clause
Contoh : Whatever be the reason, we cannot tolerate disloyalty 3. Formulaic Subjunctive (ungkapan klise)
Contoh : God save the Queen
So be it then
4. Mandative Subjunctive
Contoh : a. It is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.
5. Putative or hypothetical “should”
Contoh : Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
6. Archaic Formula (menyatakan harapan)
Contoh : May you be happy! (seperti struktur kalimat Tanya)
7. Optative Subjunctive
Contoh : Be he friend or enemy, the law regards him as criminal.
8. Subjunctive dengan as if dan if only
Contoh : He behaves as if he owned the palace.(Present Tense diikuti Past Tense)
If only I hadn’t listened to my parents!
9. Sbujunctive dengan suggested, recommended, required, important, dan imperative
Contoh : They suggested that the boy stop smoking
Menurut Leech dan Quirk ragam Subjunctive adalah sebagai berkut :
1. “were” subjunctive (terdapat dalam kalimat pengandaian tie II)
Contoh : If I were you, I would give him $50
Were she here now, we could get her advice
2. Conditional and contras clause
Contoh : Whatever be the reason, we cannot tolerate disloyalty 3. Formulaic Subjunctive (ungkapan klise)
Contoh : God save the Queen
So be it then
4. Mandative Subjunctive
Contoh : a. It is necessary that every member inform himself of these rules.
5. Putative or hypothetical “should”
Contoh : Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
6. Archaic Formula (menyatakan harapan)
Contoh : May you be happy! (seperti struktur kalimat Tanya)
7. Optative Subjunctive
Contoh : Be he friend or enemy, the law regards him as criminal.
8. Subjunctive dengan as if dan if only
Contoh : He behaves as if he owned the palace.(Present Tense diikuti Past Tense)
If only I hadn’t listened to my parents!
9. Sbujunctive dengan suggested, recommended, required, important, dan imperative
Contoh : They suggested that the boy stop smoking
Causative
Causative
1. Active
Kata-kata kerja make,let, have yang berarti membuat (menyuruh), membiarkan, berpengaruh pada kata kerja yang ada dibelakangnya, yang selalu berbentu infinitive (V1)tanpa “to”. Pola kalimatnya adalah :
Subject + make/let/have + Obj.pelaku + V1
Contoh : a. I made him stay at home = Kususruh ia tinggal di rumah. b. She always lets her brother go by bike = ia selalu membiarkan adiknya pergi naik sepeda
Sedangkan , pola yang berlaku untuk “get” adalah :
Subject + get + Obj.pelaku + toV1
Contoh : He gets his sister to clean his bed room.
Pola untuk “help” adalah :
Subject + help + complement + V1 (to + V1)
Contoh :
2. Passive
Struktur Causative dalam bentuk pasif adalah :
a.Mengandung makna “karena”
Contoh : a. Because he was absent, he didi not get the prize
b. Being absent, he did not get the prize
b. Mengandung makna “sambil”
Contoh : a. The girl went into the room while she smiled at us.
b. The firlwent into the room, smiling at us
c. Mengandug makna “begitu” atau “ segera setelah”
Contoh : a. At soon as he saw the doctor, the child ran away
d.Menggantikan klausa dengan who,which,dsb :
Contoh : a. The man who wrote thisletter is my uncle.
b. The man writing this letter is my uncle.
1. Active
Kata-kata kerja make,let, have yang berarti membuat (menyuruh), membiarkan, berpengaruh pada kata kerja yang ada dibelakangnya, yang selalu berbentu infinitive (V1)tanpa “to”. Pola kalimatnya adalah :
Subject + make/let/have + Obj.pelaku + V1
Contoh : a. I made him stay at home = Kususruh ia tinggal di rumah. b. She always lets her brother go by bike = ia selalu membiarkan adiknya pergi naik sepeda
Sedangkan , pola yang berlaku untuk “get” adalah :
Subject + get + Obj.pelaku + toV1
Contoh : He gets his sister to clean his bed room.
Pola untuk “help” adalah :
Subject + help + complement + V1 (to + V1)
Contoh :
- John helped Mary wash thedished
- The Policeman help the woman to cross the street
2. Passive
Struktur Causative dalam bentuk pasif adalah :
a.Mengandung makna “karena”
Contoh : a. Because he was absent, he didi not get the prize
b. Being absent, he did not get the prize
b. Mengandung makna “sambil”
Contoh : a. The girl went into the room while she smiled at us.
b. The firlwent into the room, smiling at us
c. Mengandug makna “begitu” atau “ segera setelah”
Contoh : a. At soon as he saw the doctor, the child ran away
d.Menggantikan klausa dengan who,which,dsb :
Contoh : a. The man who wrote thisletter is my uncle.
b. The man writing this letter is my uncle.
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